Substrate and inhibitor binding of human GABA transporter 3.

GABA (g-aminobutyric acid) transporter 3 (GAT3) is primarily found in glial cells and is essential for regulating GABA homeostasis in the central nervous system by mediating GABA uptake. Consequently, GAT3 has emerged as a significant therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy. In this study, we present the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of GAT3 bound to its substrate GABA, the selective inhibitor SNAP-5114, and in the substrate-free state.

The miR169z-NF-YA5-GPDHc1 module improves drought tolerance by increasing NAD levels to inhibit ROS production in Populus.

The microRNA169 (miR169) family and NF-YA transcription factors (TFs) are crucial for drought stress responses. However, the mechanisms by which these factors regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis under drought conditions remain inadequately characterized in Populus. Here, we identified an NF-YA TF, PagNF-YA5, from hybrid poplar 84 K (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa).

A copper-based single-atom material effectively controls plant diseases with nearly zero soil residue and low phytotoxicity.

A growing population necessitates the development of sustainable agriculture, which requires achieving atom economy in pesticide delivery, fertilization, and so on. To this end, we focus on single-atom materials (SAMs) to enhance atom utilization within agricultural systems. In this study, we report a novel pesticide for plants, a single-atom copper (Cu) formulation, by employing a precipitation-equilibrium-driven (K-driven) method to anchor Cu onto a calcium carbonate (CaCO) carrier.

Structure and transport mechanism of the human prostaglandin transporter SLCO2A1.

SLCO2A1 is a member of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) family, which preferentially transports prostaglandins (PGs) into cells and plays a vital role in regulating PGs inactivation and distribution. Dysregulation or genetic mutation of SLCO2A1 is associated with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) and chronic enteropathy associated with the SLCO2A1 gene (CEAS). Although the biophysical and biochemical properties of SLCO2A1 have been characterized, the precise mechanism by which SLCO2A1 recognizes and transports PGs remains unclear.

Gap-free comparative genomics uncover virulence factors for Fusarium wilt of watermelons.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) is a globally important fruit crop, yet it is susceptible to devastating diseases such as vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

Natural variation in CHELATASE SUBUNIT I-A increases grain weight and enhances wheat yield.

Grain weight is a major determinant of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) derived from natural variations. Here, we report the cloning of a major yield QTL in bread wheat that functions in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway.

Dynamic regulation and embryo-endosperm crosstalk revealed by whole transcriptome profiling of wheat seed development.

Coordinated embryo and endosperm development determines wheat seed yield and grain quality. We present a strand-specific time-series transcriptome atlas of wheat seed, profiling embryo and endosperm from 2 to 38 days after pollination. The dataset captures 75,554 expressed genes and 24,079 long noncoding RNAs.

Profiling Plant Nuclear Envelope Composition Using Subtractive Proteomics.

The nucleus represents a fundamental feature shared by eukaryotic cells and enclosed by a highly regulated membrane barrier, the nuclear envelope (NE). Despite numerous studies elucidating the functional significance and diversity of the NE in animals and yeast, comprehensive knowledge regarding its intricate composition and functions in plants remains limited. In this chapter, we describe subtractive proteomic approach to profile novel NE components with the model organism Arabidopsis, including detailed methods for isolation of nuclei using Percoll density gradients, extraction of nuclear membranes, isolation of endoplasmic reticular enriched microsomal membranes, determination of the proteome, and validation of the enrichment at nuclear periphery.

snRNA-Seq Unveils Cell-Type-Specific Immune Dynamics in Arabidopsis During Pinewood Nematode Infection.

The alterations in gene expression levels in response to the pathogens are pivotal in determining pathogenicity or susceptibility. However, the cell-type-specific interaction mechanism between the pinewood nematode (PWN) and its hosts remains largely unexplored and poorly understood. Here, we employed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) with PWN-infected Arabidopsis leaves to dissect the heterogeneous immune responses.

overexpressing recruits phyllosphere bacterial strains that inhibit .

WRKY transcription factors have been implicated in the regulation of disease resistance associated with plant immune responses, which has crucial implications for defense responses against stress in plants. The role played by the gene of ( × ) in triggering the mechanism between the phyllosphere microbiome and plant defense against foliar pathogens remains unclear. Molecular ecological network analysis demonstrated that the stability and complexity of the phyllosphere bacterial community of were influenced by infection.

Plants repress ROS1 expression to attenuate heat-induced transposon burst.

The active DNA demethylase Repressor of Silencing 1 (ROS1) regulates genomic DNA methylation patterns during plant development. ROS1 expression is promoted by DNA methylation within its promoter region. However, the mechanisms and biological significance of ROS1 regulation under abiotic stresses remain elusive.

Nuclear lamina phase separation orchestrates stress-induced transcriptional responses in plants.

The nuclear lamina (NL), a perinuclear protein meshwork formed by nucleoskeleton and inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins, is crucial for chromatin organization at the nuclear periphery and gene expression regulation in eukaryotic cells. However, NL-dependent transcriptional regulation remains poorly understood in plants due to the absence of most canonical NL proteins found in animals. Here, we report that the plant INM protein PLANT NUCLEAR ENVELOPE TRANSMEMBRANE 2 (PNET2) interacts with membrane-bound NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors, NTLs, via intrinsic disorder regions and promotes liquid-liquid phase separation within the NL.

Haplotype-resolved, gap-free genome assemblies provide insights into the divergence between Asian and European pears.

Pears (Pyrus spp.) are self-incompatible crops with broad genetic diversity. High heterozygosity and technical limitations result in gaps within reference genomes.

CK2 kinase-PRC2 signalling regulates genome-wide H3K27 trimethylation and transduces prolonged cold exposure into epigenetic cold memory in plants.

Polycomb protein-mediated transcriptional repression plays a crucial role in the regulation of responses to environmental stimuli in multicellular eukaryotes, but the underlying signalling events remain elusive. During Arabidopsis vernalization, prolonged cold exposure results in the formation of a Polycomb-repressed domain at the potent floral repressor FLC to confer its stable silencing upon temperature rise or epigenetic 'memory of prolonged cold', enabling the plants to bloom in spring. Here we report that the evolutionarily conserved casein kinase CK2 phosphorylates and thus stabilizes histone 3 lysine-27 (H3K27) methyltransferases (PRC2 subunits) to promote H3K27 trimethylation throughout the Arabidopsis genome.

The transcription factor AHL21 links phyB and PIF4 to promote photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Phytochrome B (phyB), the predominant red-light photoreceptor, interacts with various proteins, initiating a set of molecular events in plant cells that promote light responses. In this study, we identified AHL21, a member of the AT-hook motif nuclear-localized (AHL) family, as a phyB-interacting protein in Arabidopsis. AHL21 positively regulates photomorphogenesis by directly binding to PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF) promoter and downregulating its expression.

Evolutionary legacy of the "living fossil" genus Parrotia (Hamamelidaceae): genomic insights into species divergence and polygenic adaptation.

Despite their long evolutionary history, the genomic basis of adaptation and speciation in "living fossil" plants remain largely unexplored. Parrotia, a Tertiary relict tree genus with two extant species, P. subaequalis and P.

Molecular mechanism of drug inhibition of URAT1.

Hyperuricemia, characterized by elevated serum urate levels, is a key factor in the pathogenesis of gout. URAT1 is essential for renal urate reabsorption and has emerged as a critical therapeutic target for managing hyperuricemia. However, the precise transport mechanism and the inhibitory effects of uricosuric drugs on URAT1 remain unclear.

Global identification and characterization of soybean TPR genes with expression analysis under photoperiod variations.

TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPR) proteins are conserved transcriptional co-repressors vital for plant growth and development. However, the functions of soybean TPR (GmTPR) gene family members and their roles in photoperiod responses remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identified 12 TPR genes in the soybean genome, distributed across 11 chromosomes.

TaHSP18.6 and TaSRT1 interact to confer resistance to crown rot by regulating the auxin content in common wheat.

crown rot (FCR) is one of the most serious soil-borne diseases in common wheat and has caused major wheat yield losses worldwide. Here, we identified an 18.6 kDa heat shock protein gene () through combining a transcriptome analysis and a genome-wide association study.

Landscape and mA post-transcriptional regulation of soybean proteome.

The soybean is a critical source of vegetable protein, but its proteome remains undercharacterized. Here, we quantify 12,855 proteins across 14 soybean organs using 4D data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (4D-DIA-MS), creating the most extensive soybean proteome dataset to date. Organ-specific protein expression and co-expression analyses highlight functional specificity with significant differences in protein-transcript abundance across organs.

Molecular mechanisms and biological functions of active DNA demethylation in plants.

DNA methylation is a conserved epigenetic modification that plays important roles in silencing transposable elements, regulating gene expression, and maintaining genome stability. In plants, DNA methylation is de novo established by the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway and maintained during each cell cycle. It can be actively removed by the REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1/DEMETER family proteins through the base excision repair pathway.

Genomic and epigenomic insight into giga-chromosome architecture and adaptive evolution of royal lily (Lilium regale).

Lilies are popular ornamental and medicinal plants with gigantic genomes. Due to the challenge of assembling complex giga-genomes, our understanding of the genetic architecture, epigenetic regulation and evolution of large-genome plants such as lily remains limited. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level 35.

Structural basis of auxin recognition and transport by the plant influx carrier AUX1.

Auxin regulates numerous aspects of plant growth and development, featuring polar auxin transport mediated by auxin efflux and influx carriers. AUX1 is the major auxin importer that actively takes up natural and synthetic auxins. However, the precise mechanisms underlying AUX1-mediated auxin recognition and transport remain elusive.

REM transcription factors and GDE1 shape the DNA methylation landscape through the recruitment of RNA polymerase IV transcription complexes.

In plants, the maintenance of DNA methylation is controlled by several self-reinforcing loops involving histone methylation and non-coding RNAs. However, how methylation is initially patterned at specific genomic loci is largely unknown. Here we describe four Arabidopsis REM transcription factors, VDD, VAL, REM12 and REM13, that recognize specific sequence regions and, together with the protein GENETICS DETERMINES EPIGENETICS1 (GDE1), recruit RNA polymerase IV transcription complexes.

FRRS1L variants and ferriheme overload drive hyperpigmentation and systemic Iron overload in lanping black bone sheep.

Background: Hemoglobin metabolism disorder can result in systemic iron overload, leading to pigmentation in multiple organs. Although these disorders are often of genetic origin, the specific genes and mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Lanping black bone sheep (LP–BBS), a unique population from the high altitudes along the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan province, exhibits hyperpigmentation in multiple tissues.