Mitochondrial Complex Member VdNuo1 Recruits Superoxide Dismutases VdSOD2/4 to Maintain Superoxide Anion Homeostasis During Pathogenesis in Verticillium dahliae.

During oxidative phosphorylation, the leaked electrons generate superoxide anions to attack the mitochondrial inner membrane and impair mitochondrial activity. Three superoxide dismutases (SODs) are secreted to degrade host superoxide anions in Verticillium dahliae. However, the roles of mitochondrial SODs (mtSODs) in superoxide anion detoxification and in virulence are unknown in this fungus.

CPK12 decodes effector-triggered calcium signaling and phosphorylates PIP2;1 to facilitate apoplastic ROS transport into the cytoplasm in Arabidopsis.

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants is mediated by intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), which converge on calcium (Ca) signaling pathways. However, how NLR-induced Ca signals initiate downstream immune responses, such as enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, remains largely unclear. In this study, we identified a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) that regulates sustained ETI-ROS signaling.

Transcriptome Screening and Identification of Chemosensory Genes in the Goji Berry Psyllid, (Hemiptera: Psyllidae).

Goji berry is widely consumed worldwide and holds substantial market value, yet its cultivation faces significant threats from the goji berry psyllid (). Chemosensory-related genes play critical roles in regulating insect behaviors, which makes them key molecular targets for the development of environmentally friendly pest control strategies. However, chemosensory genes in have not been previously identified or characterized.

A Ubiquitous Volatile in Noctuid Larval Frass Attracts a Parasitoid Species.

Natural enemies commonly probe larval bodies and frass with their antennae for prey hunting. However, the attractants to natural enemies emitted directly from hosts and host-associated tissues remained largely unknown. Here, we used two generalist noctuid species, (Hübner) and (JE Smith), along with the larval endoparasitoid (Haliday) to address the question.

Divergence in Coding Sequences and Expression Patterns Among the Functional Categories of Secretory Genes Between Two Aphid Species.

Disparities in the functional classification of secretory genes among aphid taxa may be attributed to variations in coding sequences and gene expression profiles. However, the driving factors that regulate sequence evolution remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the differences in coding sequences and expression patterns of secretory genes between the rose grain aphid () and the pea aphid (), with a particular focus on their roles in evolutionary adaptations and functional diversity.

Abundant arid natural habitats reduced aphid biocontrol by parasitoids: a case study of Gobi habitats in a desert-oasis farming ecosystem.

Background: In arid and hyper-arid regions, natural habitats with limited water availability are characterized by sparce vegetation, low host density, and harsh climatic conditions. Whether these arid natural habitats can support natural enemies and facilitate biological control in local agroecosystems is largely unknown. In this study, we determined the effects of landscape composition (the coverage of native Gobi habitats, water bodies and the Shannon's landscape diversity index) on the abundance of mummified aphids and the aphid parasitism rate in local conventional cotton fields under the desert-oasis landscape settings in southern Xinjiang, China.

Regulated cell death in fungi from a comparative immunology perspective.

The death of fungal cells has been studied in a variety of contexts including responses to antifungal drugs, during fungal developmental processes, in response to bacterial or mycoviral fungal pathogens, and during non-self-recognition between distinct strains of the same species (allorecognition). Some of the genetic determinants and molecular mechanisms of fungal cell death processes are now beginning to be understood in detail. Recent advances have uncovered fungal cell death machinery that shares ancestry with key actors of immune cell death in other eukaryotic and prokaryotic taxa.

Glufosinate-P Herbicide Disrupts Gut Microbiota and Metabolism, Driving Population Decline.

Solitary bees face overlooked herbicide risks. , a key early spring solitary bee, is especially vulnerable during soil-contact nesting, which coincides with peak herbicide use. We evaluated sublethal effects of glufosinate-P on .

Fungicides compatible with entomopathogenic fungi eliminate beneficial symbionts of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens.

Background: In agricultural pests, both microbial pathogens and partners, that threaten their life and benefit them, respectively, face challenges from fungicides that are ubiquitous to control crop pathogens. However, an integrated understanding of the fungicide-impacts on pest microbial pathogens and partners, which in turn influence pest management outcomes, remains largely unexplored.

Results: We investigated the impacts of the most commonly used rice fungicides on an entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps javanica, a biocontrol agent of rice pest Nilaparvata lugens, as well as the communities of bacteria and fungi within this pest.

Optimizing sex pheromone lures for male trapping specificity between Spodoptera frugiperda and Mythimna loreyi.

Background: Spodoptera frugiperda and Mythimna loreyi are sympatric pests of corn and other gramineous crops. In addition, the two species share three primary pheromone components Z9-14:Ac, Z7-12:Ac and Z11-16:Ac, resulting in capture of males from both species by commercially available lures, which poses a great challenge for species-specific population monitoring.

Results: To increase the specificity of the pheromone blend used in lures, we conducted comparative investigations between the two species, with respect of female calling rhythms, components in female pheromone glands, male electrophysiological and sexual excitement responses to pheromone gland components.

Pear scab resistance gene Rvn1 from Ussurian pear is located in a cluster of receptor-like protein ethylene-inducing Xylanase (EIX) genes.

Background: Pear scab, caused by Venturia nashicola, is one of the most serious diseases affecting Asian pear (Pyrus spp.) production. While single-gene resistance has been used in breeding, it is often overcome by evolving pathogens.

A copper-based single-atom material effectively controls plant diseases with nearly zero soil residue and low phytotoxicity.

A growing population necessitates the development of sustainable agriculture, which requires achieving atom economy in pesticide delivery, fertilization, and so on. To this end, we focus on single-atom materials (SAMs) to enhance atom utilization within agricultural systems. In this study, we report a novel pesticide for plants, a single-atom copper (Cu) formulation, by employing a precipitation-equilibrium-driven (K-driven) method to anchor Cu onto a calcium carbonate (CaCO) carrier.

The quorum sensing regulator Kj-LuxS modulates biofilm formation for nicosulfuron degradation and rhizosphere colonization in Klebsiella.

Soil nicosulfuron residues disrupt crop rotation with herbicide-sensitive plants. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that the Kj-LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing system in Klebsiella jilinsis 2N3 critically regulates biofilm-mediated nicosulfuron detoxification through multiple mechanisms: (1) Kj-LuxS deletion reduced biofilm biomass by 60.62 % and decreased herbicide biosorption by 72.

Metabolomic profiling of pepper germplasm resources and its correlation with color, shape, and pungency traits.

Peppers exhibit a diverse array of germplasm resources with variations in fruit color, pungency degree, and shape. Various phenotypes and associated target compounds are often the primary targets in breeding programs. This study employed liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS) to construct a spectral tag library, which enabled the identification of chemical compounds in the pepper fruits from eighty distinct germplasm sources.

Oviposition Response to Light With Different Spectra in the Crepuscular Moth .

The light spectrum is a critical visual feature influencing insect behavior. The crepuscular moth (Busck), a significant pest of stone and pome fruits worldwide, has been shown to discriminate variations in brightness/intensity under dim-light conditions. However, the behavioral responses of females to various light spectra remain unknown.

Tracking the infection dynamics of in based on GFP labelling.

Introduction: root rot, caused by , has caused severe damage to the industry. Due to the unclear pathogenic mechanisms of on , the effective implementation of control measures has been greatly restricted.

Methods: An efficient protoplast preparation and genetic transformation system was established for FO-1, enabling real-time tracking of fungal colonization in .

Identification of resistance to stripe rust in 267 Chinese spring wheat landraces germplasm and molecular detection of disease resistance genes.

Stripe rust ( f. sp. ) poses a major threat to Chinese wheat production.

ABCC3 mediates insecticide metabolism and functions as a receptor for Bt toxins in Plutella xylostella.

Plutella xylostella is a major global pest with increasing resistance to insecticides. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are implicated in the metabolism of insecticides, but their molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identified and characterized the role of P.

FgMsn2, a zinc finger transcription factor, regulates stress responses, pathogenicity and metabolism in wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum.

Environmental stress adaptation is crucial for the survival and pathogenicity of plant fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified a transcription factor FgMsn2 in Fusarium graminearum, an ortholog of Msn2 in budding yeast. Structural analysis showed that the C2H2 zinc-finger domain is highly conserved across fungi, while other regions are less conserved, suggesting that FgMsn2 may have species-specific functions.

ZGS521 attenuates colitis by regulating intestinal epithelial proliferation and differentiation and the gut microbiota.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a persistent and relapsing intestinal disorder that significantly harms health. ZGS521 isolated from fermented pickles was identified through Gram staining, physiological and biochemical assays and 16S rDNA sequencing. The gene of ZGS521 was annotated through sequence alignment.

A Highly Expressed and Conserved Odorant Receptor for Identifying the Alarm Pheromone ()-2-Decenal in .

()-2-decenal is the alarm pheromone of and other Pentatomidae bugs as well. This chemical can trigger avoidance behavior from dangerous sources or defensive behavior against predators, thereby playing a crucial role in the survival and flourishing of the population. Revealing the molecular mechanism underlying this stink bugs's perception of alarm pheromone will facilitate the development of environmentally friendly biological control agents.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the white-eye gene in the tephritid pest Bactrocera zonata.

Bactrocera zonata is a highly invasive agricultural pest that causes extensive damage to fruit crops. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), a species-specific and environmentally friendly pest control method, significantly benefits from the availability of Genetic Sexing Strains (GSSs) that enable efficient mass production of males for sterile release. However, no GSS currently exists for B.

Functional Analyses of a RH-AZ Genome and Its Application for Promoting the Growth of Rice Under Saline Stress.

Soil salinity stands among the most critical abiotic stressors, imposing severe limitations on global rice cultivation. Emerging evidence highlights the potential of beneficial microorganisms to enhance crop salt tolerance. In this study, a halotolerant bacterial strain, RH-AZ (Gram-negative) was identified and analyzed.

Pathogenicity of spp. Against : Effects on Immune Enzyme Activities and Gene Expression Profile.

(1) Background: spp. are fungi known for producing cyclosporin A and their ability to infect insects. However, their pathogenicity against the lepidopteran pest has not been previously reported.

Species-Specific Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Coquillet (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Other Closely Related Fruit Fly Species.

Fruit flies that belong to the genus (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose significant threats as invasive pests of agricultural crops in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The intensification of transboundary trade in fresh horticultural produce has increased the risk of introducing invasive species such as fruit flies, more so through the inadvertent transport of their immature developmental stages. Such immature stages of fruit flies belonging to the Tephritidae family are frequently intercepted at the international borders worldwide and are unable to be identified to the species level using morphological characteristics.