Effects of aerobic exercise on executive function in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: The benefits of aerobic exercise on the executive function of children and adolescents have been confirmed to a certain extent. However, the effects of such interventions on the executive function of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) require further exploration. This study is a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of aerobic exercise interventions for children and adolescents with ADHD, aiming to provide valuable intervention suggestions to enhance the executive function of children and adolescents with ADHD.

DCNN models with post-hoc interpretability for the automated detection of glossitis and OSCC on the tongue.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) models with Grad-CAM visualization for the automated classification with interpretability of tongue conditions-specifically glossitis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-using clinical tongue photographs, with a focus on their potential for early detection and telemedicine-based diagnostics. A total of 652 tongue images were categorized into normal control (n = 294), glossitis (n = 340), and OSCC (n = 17). Four pretrained DCNN architectures (VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet152) were fine-tuned using transfer learning.

Metagenomic profiling of gut microbime: associating their role with the advancement of diabetic nephropathy.

Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbiome should play a critical role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes and its complication such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Nevertheless, a considerable gap remains in our understanding of the interconnection between DN pathogenesis and gut microbiota arrangement. In this context, this review highlights recent research on the connection between the intestinal microbiota and DN risk, with a particular focus on the role of microbial metabolites in disease development.

Membrane-targeted DNA frameworks with biodegradability recover cellular function and morphology from frozen cells.

Cell freezing is critical for the long-term preservation of biological materials, but is limited by the cytotoxicity and inefficacy of conventional cryoprotective agents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Here, we introduce DNA frameworks (DFs) as a nanoengineered programmable class of cryoprotectants designed to address these challenges. The DFs feature a programmable scaffolded structure offering large flexible wireframe contacts, cellular target ability, and biodegradability.

Physical correlation between stochasticity and process-induced damage in ferroelectric memory devices.

This study investigates the influence of sputtering plasma-induced damage on stochastic characteristics in HfZrO₂ (HZO)-based ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs), with an emphasis on memory and neuromorphic device optimization. Variation of the sputtering plasma power during top electrode deposition introduces distinct levels of trap within the HZO layer. Low-frequency noise (LFN) spectroscopy and temperature-dependent electrical measurements confirm that higher plasma power generates additional shallow-level traps, thereby promoting Poole-Frenkel conduction while simultaneously increasing current noise magnitude.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and clinical outcomes in patients with liver cirrhosis: a nationwide cohort study.

Background: The association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and clinical outcomes in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between LDL-C levels and cardiovascular events, along with all-cause death in patients with LC, using a nationwide database.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 303,988 patients with LC identified from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database who underwent health examinations between 2009 and 2017.

Engineered MSC-EVs loaded with BDNF-enhancing neuropeptides via a non-disruptive method enhance post-stroke neuroregeneration via intranasal delivery.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) show potential as neuroregenerative therapies. Incorporating bioactive compounds such as neuropeptides that enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression may amplify their therapeutic potential. We developed a clinical-scale method for loading neuropeptides into MSC-EVs, while preserving their structural integrity and therapeutic functionality.

Nanostructure Engineering by Oblique Angle Deposition for Photodetectors and Other Applications.

Oblique angle deposition (OAD) holds significant potential for diverse applications, including energy harvesting devices, optoelectronic sensors, and electronic devices, owing to the creation of unique nanostructures. These nanostructures are characterized by their porosity and nanoscale columns, which can exist in numerous forms depending on deposition conditions. As a result, the engineering of nanostructures using OAD achieves the successful modulation of optical properties such as absorption, reflection, and transmission.

A Deep Learning-Based Machine Vision System for Online Monitoring and Quality Evaluation During Multi-Layer Multi-Pass Welding.

Multi-layer multi-pass welding plays an important role in manufacturing industries such as nuclear power plants, pressure vessel manufacturing, and ship building. However, distortion or welding defects are still challenges; therefore, welding monitoring and quality control are essential tasks for the dynamic adjustment of execution during welding. The aim was to propose a machine vision system for monitoring and surface quality evaluation during multi-pass welding using a line scanner and infrared camera sensors.

Hydrophobic Coating of Paperboard Using Oak Wood-Derived Lignin Nanoparticles and Chitosan Composites.

This study explores the potential application of lignin nanoparticles and chitosan-lignin nanoparticles (CLNs) as hydrophobic barrier coatings for paperboard. The lignin nanoparticles were initially prepared using a mixed solvent of ethanol and acetone. Their characteristics were examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering, which revealed particle sizes in the range of 180-400 nm.

Operative Treatment of Adolescent Diaphyseal Clavicle Fracture: Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nail Versus Plate Fixation.

: Adolescent diaphyseal clavicle fracture surgery has increased in recent years. However, the optimal operative method remains debated, particularly between elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) and plate fixation. This study compared postoperative outcomes and complication rates between ESIN and plate fixation for treating diaphyseal clavicle fractures in adolescent patients.

A Case of Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome with the Mutation and Review of βII-Spectrin Variants.

: Spectrin proteins are critical cytoskeleton components that maintain cellular structure and mediate intracellular transport. Pathogenic variants in , encoding βII-spectrin, have been associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders, including developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy. Here we report a Korean infant with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) and an mutation and provide a review of this mutation.

Biomarker-Driven Optimization of Saponin Therapy in MASLD: From Mouse Models to Human Liver Organoids.

(1) Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is characterized by liver damage similar to alcoholic fatty liver disease, including triglyceride infiltration of hepatocytes, regardless of alcohol consumption. It leads to progressive liver damage, such as loss of liver function, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, and the response rate of drugs under clinical research is less than 50%. There is an urgent need for biomarkers to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs.

Effects of Age on the Neural Tracking of Speech in Noise.

Background: Older adults often struggle to comprehend speech in noisy environments, a challenge influenced by declines in both auditory processing and cognitive functions. This study aimed to investigate how differences in speech-in-noise perception among individual with clinically normal hearing thresholds (ranging from normal to mild hearing loss in older adults) are related to neural speech tracking and cognitive function, particularly working memory.

Method: Specifically, we examined delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) EEG oscillations during speech recognition tasks to determine their association with cognitive performance in older adults.

Spatially patterned stiffness variation in a light-triggered jumper for symmetry breaking and high snap-through efficiency.

The nonlinear strain response of soft material-based snap-through systems enables amplified and accelerated force output. However, efficiency of snap-through energy release is challenging to improve because of the inherent trade-off between initial curvature and stiffness. Here, spatial programming of stiffness variation in the azobenzene-functionalized liquid-crystalline polymer (Azo-LCP) addresses this limitation and achieves efficient photomechanical jumping.

Hydrophobic LDH-Tailored Exfoliated Graphene Sheet Energy Harvester: Harnessing Pressure-Driven Heating and Electrolysis for Advanced Real Applications.

Hydrovoltaic harvesting converts water-solid interactions into electricity, offering a sustainable power route across diverse settings. Yet most systems are hard to scale, suffer evaporation-limited lifetimes, and lack multifunctionality, limiting real-world application. To overcome these limitations, a highly optimized multifunctional hydrovoltaic harvester is developed by integrating exfoliated graphene oxide sheet (EGs) and hydrophobic layered double hydroxide (LDH) coatings onto a porous melamine foam scaffold.

Behavioral and psychosocial factors associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among Korean adolescents: a path analysis using the 2022 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

Objectives: Rising obesity rates among adolescents are a major global health concern and are closely linked to the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). This study aimed to identify key behavioral and psychosocial factors influencing SSB consumption among adolescents.

Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2022 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, which included 49,548 participants aged 12-18 years.

Novel and Neutral PFAS in Multimatrix from Fluorochemical Industries: Sector-Specific Profiles and Monitoring Implications from GC-Based Targeted, Suspect, and Nontargeted Analyses.

Despite their widespread use as high-performance chemicals, the occurrence and environmental behavior of neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remain poorly characterized. In this study, air, sediment, and wastewater samples were collected from fluorochemical-related industries, such as textiles, paper materials, and semiconductor manufacturing. Gas chromatograph-based targeted and class-based suspect analyses were employed to characterize both known and novel neutral PFAS (nPFAS).

Treatable traits in chronic cough: a prospective evaluation for predicting cough persistence.

Background: The concept of treatable traits has been proposed for managing chronic cough; however, evidence supporting its clinical utility remains limited. This study investigated the relationship between baseline traits and cough persistence in a prospective registry of patients with chronic cough.

Methods: We analysed data from 426 patients with chronic cough enrolled in the Korean Chronic Cough Registry.

Pigment epithelium detachment with thickened choroid in a preterm infant at term-equivalent age: a case report.

Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) is well-documented in adult retinal diseases but is rarely reported in neonates. This case describes a preterm infant, born at 31 weeks, who developed PED with thickened choroid at term-equivalent age, detected using handheld OCT. The PED emerged at 39 weeks postmenstrual age, coinciding with inhaled steroid treatment for respiratory distress, and resolved by 41 weeks after steroid discontinuation without structural damage.

Analysis and development of risk prediction models for chronic opioid use after surgery: a cohort study using the nationwide database.

Background: Chronic opioid use has become a socioeconomic as well as a medical problem. This study aimed to identify risk factors and develop prediction models for postoperative chronic opioid use (PCOU).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) between January 2008 and December 2018.

Exploring the efficacy and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source according to stroke risk stratification: Propensity-score matched analysis.

Introduction: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is widely used for embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) despite limited evidence regarding its efficacy and safety. This study compared DAPT and single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) in patients with ESUS during hospitalization (first 7 days) and up to 30 days post-stroke, identifying subgroups that benefit most from DAPT.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 4,505 patients with ESUS enrolled in a multicenter registry from 2014 to 2019.