Isolate X5 Stimulates the Resistance of Resistant and Susceptible Banana Varieties to Foc Through Different Mechanisms.

Banana wilt disease is an important disease in banana production, causing significant losses. Herein, we investigated the mechanism by which isolate X5 enhances the resistance of different resistant banana cultivars to f. sp.

Three antenna-specific odorant binding proteins in Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) involve in recognition of floral volatiles.

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) play a vital role in the insect olfactory recognition system, as they bind and transport specific semiochemicals to chemosensory receptors for further processing. The agricultural and horticultural pest, white-spotted flower chafer (WSFC), Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea), has significantly harmed numerous crops and fruits in China. It is hypothesized that WSFCs rely on specific OBPs and chemosensory receptors to identify palatable food sources and optimal oviposition sites.

Herbicidal activity and biochemical characteristics of the natural product australol and preparation of an australol-based emulsifiable concentrate.

Background: Botanical herbicides play a crucial role in agricultural sustainability and environmental protection. This study elucidated the herbicidal activity and biochemical characteristics of australol, and successfully developed an australol-based emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The research lays the foundation for the development and application of novel botanical herbicides.

Optimization of spray operation parameters of unmanned aerial vehicle confers adequate levels of control of fall armyworm ().

Introduction: The fall armyworm (FAW), , is a serious threat to maize production. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represent a promising method for controlling FAW outbreaks. Given that FAW larvae primarily feed inside the maize whorl, we hypothesized that the efficacy of insecticide application depends on droplet density and coverage rate on the upper maize canopy.

High-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with effect-directed assays revealed bioactivity profiles of Salvia aegyptiaca, S. verbenaca, and S. officinalis.

The effect-directed profiling of aqueous ethanol extracts of Tunisian Salvia aegyptiaca and Salvia verbenaca aerial parts and Tunisian and Hungarian Salvia officinalis leaves was achieved by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with radical scavenging (using DPPH• free radical) and enzyme inhibitory (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) bioactivity assays. The mixture of toluene - ethyl acetate - methanol - formic acid, 11:2:6:1 (V/V) was used as a mobile phase for the separation of bioactive zones. The characterization of the compounds present in the active zones was performed by derivatization with aluminum chloride or natural product-polyethylene glycol (NP-PEG) reagent, and HPTLC-heated electrospray ionization-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HPTLC-HESI-HRMS/MS).

Auxin response factor 3 (EcARF3) regulates ethylene and ABA biosynthesis and is involved in resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides in Echinochloa crus-galli.

The various components of the auxin signal transduction pathways, including auxin receptors, signal transduction processes, and physiological reactions (such as the overproduction of ethylene and abscisic acid, ABA), contribute to weed resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides. Auxin receptors and their physiological reactions have been well documented; however, research on signal transduction processes associated with herbicide resistance remains limited. In this study, we identified the candidate gene EcARF3, a transcription factor that is upregulated following treatment with florpyrauxifen-benzyl in the susceptible (S) population of Echinochloa crus-galli, whereas its expression remained relatively unchanged in the resistant (R) population.

Microplastic-induced alterations in growth and microecology of mulberry seedlings: Implications for sustainable forest-soil systems.

This study investigated the ecotoxicological effects of polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics (MPs) on mulberry growth and soil-microbe interactions through controlled pot experiments (0.1 % and 1 % concentrations). PE exposure significantly increased mulberry height by 16 % (0.

Thiolutin Is a Potential Fungicide for Controlling and Its Mechanistic Study.

is a destructive plant pathogen that causes significant agricultural losses, with current chemical control strategies leading to resistance and environmental concerns. This study identified thiolutin, a dithiopyrrolone antibiotic from ASG80, as a potent antifungal agent against multiple species. Thiolutin exhibited strong in vitro activity, with an EC value of 0.

Thrips and plant viruses: a comprehensive virome analysis in tropical agriculture.

Introduction: Thrips are key vectors for plant viruses, representing a significant challenge to the cultivation of cucurbits and other vegetables in tropical agriculture. This study investigates the diversity of viromes carried by thrips and their ecological roles in viral epidemics affecting specific crops.

Methods: We identify thrips populations in tropical regions and perform a comprehensive virome analysis through high-throughput sequencing.

Variation in adult sex ratios in tetrapods is linked to sex chromosomes through mortality differences between males and females.

Sex chromosomes can determine male and female phenotypes, and the resulting sex differences may have significant impacts on ecology and life history. One manifestation of this link is that ZW/ZZ sex-determination systems are associated with more male-skewed adult sex ratio (ASR, proportion of males in the adult population) than XX/XY systems across tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Here, we investigate four demographic processes: male and female offspring production, sex differences in juvenile and adult mortalities and in timing of maturation that can contribute to ASR variation between XX/XY and ZW/ZZ systems, using phylogenetic analyses of a large dataset collected from tetrapod species in the wild.

RNAi-mediated knockdown of juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase depresses reproductive performance in female Aethina tumida.

Small hive beetles, Aethina tumide, are free-flying parasites of social bee colonies where they feed and reproduce. In case of mass infestation, A. tumida can cause significant economic losses.

Weak effects of chlorpyrifos at environmentally relevant concentrations on fitness-related traits in agile frogs.

The widespread application of pesticides makes it important to understand the impacts of these chemicals on wildlife. Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide that is still used en masse over large parts of the globe, can affect the development and behavior of non-target organisms and may thereby alter predator-prey interactions. To investigate whether environmentally relevant concentrations of chlorpyrifos affect survival, somatic, cerebral, and sexual development, as well as anti-predator behavior of the agile frog (Rana dalmatina), we exposed tadpoles to one of three treatments (0, 0.

New data on the scale insect (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha) fauna of Iceland, with description of a new species.

This study adds seven species to the scale insect species list of Iceland, bringing the total number of recorded species to 15. Of these, 10 species can be considered as a part of the country checklist with breeding populations in Iceland (seven species can be found in outdoor conditions and three live indoors). An additional five species were recorded on imported fruits and most probably are not established in Iceland.

Characterization of a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase gene associated with abamectin resistance in two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae.

Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (UGT) belongs to detoxification enzyme glycosylating lipophilic xenobiotic compounds in various living organisms. Tetranychus urticae is a notorious pest due to its significant threat to crop production and serious resistance problem worldwide. However, the function of UGT gene in contributing to pesticide resistance in T.

Plant community restoration time is a key factor affecting plant nutrient and species richness.

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are vital nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems, essential for vegetation growth, plant survival, development, and the maintenance of plant diversity. While the effects of N and P additions on plant nutrient concentrations and diversity have been extensively studied, the impact of various stages of natural forest ecosystem restoration after disturbance, particularly on plant N, P nutrients, and diversity, is less understood. This study investigates the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on soil N: P ratios, plant community-level N: P, and species diversity in Liaodong oak forests in northern China during early (about 10 years), mid-to-late (about 30 years), and late (about 40 years) restoration stages (it is a space for time substitution method).

A new start? Revision of the genera , , and (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hypselostomatidae) of Southeast Asia with description of 46 new species.

Hypselostomatidae is a large family of terrestrial pulmonate molluscs currently represented by 284 extant species, most confined to Southeast Asia. The current system of grouping species into genera is based on the morphology of the apertural barriers and the level of last whorl detachment. However, these characters overlap, challenging generic definitions.

Identification of Δ9 and Δ11 Desaturases Involved in Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis in (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

In moths, sex pheromones are synthesized in pheromone glands (PGs) by a variety of enzymes. Desaturases (DESs) are critical for the introduction of double bonds into pheromones. In , the specific DESs involved in sex pheromone biosynthesis remain unclear.

Suppressiveness of spent mushroom substrate amendment against eggplant Verticillium wilt.

Background: Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is a devastating soil-borne disease. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has shown potential as a soil amendment for controlling soil-borne diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying its disease-suppressive effects remain poorly understood.

Transient Overexpression of the Pepper Gene in Markedly Delays the Systemic Necrosis Caused by Tobacco Mosaic Virus.

The role of WRKY transcription factor proteins in plant defense reactions against fungal and bacterial pathogens is well studied, but less information is available about plant-virus interactions. We observed the rapid and strong activation of the transcription factor gene, , in pepper leaves following inoculation with Obuda pepper virus (ObPV). In contrast, was only weakly induced by pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) inoculation.

New records of stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera) from the Greater Khingan Mountains, China.

Background: Plecoptera (stoneflies) are an ancient order of aquatic insects that serve as vital bioindicators in freshwater ecosystems. This study focuses on the Greater Khingan Mountains in north-eastern China, a biodiversity hotspot with limited stonefly research. By documenting new genera and species records, it expands our knowledge of Chinese Plecoptera.

Conservation and Variability in Mitochondrial Genomes of Perlodidae: Insights from Comparative Mitogenomics.

The mitochondrial genomes of three stoneflies, e.g., Huo and Du, 2021, Klapálek, 1912 and (Zwick, 1997), were sequenced in this study, with lengths 16,043 bp, 16,024 bp, and 16,071 bp, respectively.

Does the self-developed fatty acid esters-based aerial spray adjuvant really work on improving the targetability of pesticide liquid sprayed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)?

Background: Low pesticide utilization, particularly in high-concentration aerial spraying via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), poses a severe risk in terms of pesticide waste and environmental damage. We conducted a new trial to improve the properties of a spray liquid by the addition of customized spray adjuvants, thereby facilitating droplet deposition and reducing drift of UAV-sprayed pesticides.

Results: Our self-developed mango tree special pesticide diffusing agent (PDA) altered both the value and components of the liquid surface tension toward that of the mango leaf surface free energy; thereby, apparently reducing the contact angles of liquid droplets on the leaf surface by more than 70.

Litchi40K v1.0: a cost-effective, flexible, and versatile liquid SNP chip for genetic analysis and digitalization of germplasm resources in litchi.

Genetic breeding and molecular identification in varieties depend on high-performance genotyping tools. The high heterozygosity of the litchi genome contributes to increased resequencing costs and elevated error rates in hybridization-based genotyping methods. In this study, a liquid chip named Litchi40K v1.

Close Males Sing With Dissimilar Minimum Frequency and Repertoire Size in a Wild Passerine.

The position occupied in social networks influences the success of individuals in many animal species. However, the associations between bird song (an important means of communication) and the relative position in social networks remained understudied. Such associations are expected because neighbors can learn song elements from each other or change their songs due to competition, and also because song can be related to other individual traits determining social network positions.