Craving for opioid and cannabis use among adults with chronic pain: Insights from a 30-day ecological momentary assessment study.

Background: Craving is an aversive state and risk factor for progression to nonmedical substance use. The aims of this secondary analysis of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data were 1) to test whether craving was elevated on days of co-use of opioids and cannabis, and 2) to examine pain, pain catastrophizing, affect, and stress as risk factors for current and next-moment craving, among patients with chronic pain.

Methods: Adults with chronic pain (N = 46) who used both opioids and cannabis were recruited online and completed a 30-day EMA study, consisting of four momentary surveys per day that assessed opioids and cannabis craving, use, pain and pain catastrophizing, affect, and stress.

Myo-inositol is a key regulator of avian metabolism: From mechanisms to seasonal behavior.

Being naturally hyperglycemic and insulin insensitive, birds maintain plasma glucose levels twice as high as mammals of similar size. Recent evidence suggests that perturbation of myo-inositol (MI) plays a role in mammalian hyperglycemic regulation. Using an integrative approach, we identify a fundamental role of MI in avian metabolism.

Working across religions, cultures, settings, and development: Protocol for wave 2 data collection with children and parents by the developing belief network.

The Developing Belief Network is a global research collaborative studying religious development in diverse social-cultural settings, with a focus on the intersection of cognitive mechanisms and cultural beliefs and practices in early and middle childhood. The current manuscript describes the study protocol for the network's second wave of data collection, which aims to further explore the development and diversity of religious cognition and behavior using a multi-time point approach. This protocol is designed to investigate three key research questions-how children represent and reason about religious and supernatural agents, how children represent and reason about religion as an aspect of social identity, and how religious and supernatural beliefs are transmitted within and between generations-via a set of eight tasks for children between the ages of 5 and 13 years and a survey completed by their parents/caregivers.

Size-Dependent Restructuring of Supported Platinum Cluster Catalysts.

Supported metal clusters have reactivities that depend on their nuclearity and structure. Herein, we present a strategy for precisely controlling the nuclearity of platinum clusters and demonstrate their size-dependent restructuring behavior and catalytic properties. The clusters are located on isolated CeO nanoislands on high-area SiO, and the isolation facilitates control of the migration of the platinum.

VIDHALLUC: Evaluating Temporal Hallucinations in Multimodal Large Language Models for Video Understanding.

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently shown significant advancements in video understanding, excelling in content reasoning and instruction-following tasks. However, hallucination, where models generate inaccurate or misleading content, remains underexplored in the video domain. Building on the observation that MLLM visual encoders often fail to distinguish visually different yet semantically similar video pairs, we introduce VIDHALLUC, the largest benchmark designed to examine hallucinations in MLLMs for video understanding.

Change in Free-Living Daily Steps does not Affect VO Adaptation in Response to a Supervised Aerobic Walking Program in Females Ages 18-45.

We hypothesized that an increase in nonexercise physical activity (NEPA), assessed by daily steps outside of steps accrued during supervised exercise training sessions, would be positively correlated with the change in VO. Females ages 18-45 yr (n = 44; 30 ± 7 yr; 67.7 ± 18.

genome sequences from pediatric diarrhea cases in coastal Kenya.

We report nine nearly complete genome sequences (both segments) recovered from stool samples of pediatric diarrhea patients admitted to Kilifi County Hospital, coastal Kenya. This will be an important resource for monitoring infections in humans.

Facebook and Perinatal Loss: Facebook Groups Use Among Parents from the U.S., France and Italy.

Despite the widespread use of social media, little research exists on Facebook (FB) groups dedicated to perinatal loss as a form of online support for grieving parents. This study explores how such groups are used after perinatal loss and evaluates their psychological role for bereaved parents. We conducted a thematic analysis of posts from FB groups in the U.

33 Unresolved Questions in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

Significant advances in science and engineering often emerge at the intersections of disciplines. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are inherently interdisciplinary, uniting researchers from chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, materials science, and engineering. This convergence has fostered novel ways of thinking and enabled the development of materials, tools, and technologies that have transformed both basic and applied research, as well as how we address critical societal challenges.

Organ-on-a-chip: key industry insights, challenges, and opportunities from 100+ NSF I-Corps interviews.

Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) is a rapidly advancing technology with significant potential to revolutionize healthcare, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. OoC technologies offer cost-effective and ethical platforms that enable the acquisition of physiologically relevant data and enhance our understanding of human disease mechanisms and drug responsiveness. Over the past decade, numerous academic start-ups and spin-offs have sought to translate foundational research on OoC platforms from the lab bench to commercial and real-world applications.

The Psyche Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer.

A Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) instrument has been developed as part of the science payload for NASA's Discovery Program Psyche mission to the M-class asteroid (16) Psyche. The GRNS instrument is designed to measure the elemental composition of Psyche with the goal to understand the origin of this mysterious, potentially metal-rich planetary body. The GRNS will measure the near-surface abundances for the elements Ni, Fe, Si, K, S, Al, and Ca, as well as the spatial distribution of Psyche's metal-to-silicate fraction (or metal fraction).

Silicate precursor silane detected in cold low-metallicity brown dwarf.

Within 20 pc of the Sun, there are currently 29 known cold brown dwarfs-sources with measured distances and an estimated effective temperature between that of Jupiter (170 K) and approximately 500 K (ref. ). These sources are almost all isolated and are the closest laboratories we have for detailed atmospheric studies of giant planets formed outside the Solar System.

A landscape ecological approach to spatial conservation planning - ecological security pattern.

Addressing practical challenges in ecological conservation and restoration planning, ecological security pattern (ESP) - spatial networks composed of ecological sources and connecting corridors - offers an actionable and nature-based framework. Rooted in landscape ecology, the ESP approach integrates ecological thresholds and connectivity to ensure ecosystem integrity and landscape sustainability. Although ESP-related research has proliferated - particularly in China - critical dimensions, such as underlying ecological mechanisms, spatiotemporal dynamics, and spillover effects, have received less attention.

Impact of State-Level Physical Education Policies on PE Access in the United States: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Implementation and Weekly PE Minutes.

Background: State policies play a key role in the provision of physical education (PE) opportunities at the district and school level.

Methods: An analysis was conducted on how states in the United States with various PE policies differ in terms of PE access as a measure of policy implementation. PE access for students was reported by 3306 K-5th grade PE teachers across all 51 states.

Barriers to HIV/STI Services and Service Access Preferences Among Rural Sexual Minority Men and Native American Men in Oklahoma.

HIV and STI incidence are disproportionately elevated among sexual minority men (SMM) and Native American (NA) men in rural Oklahoma. The present study is a formative assessment of the Ending the HIV Epidemic in Rural Oklahoma (e-HERO) project, which is part of the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative. EHE has an overarching goal of reducing incidence rates of HIV and STIs in rural Oklahoma.

"It's Whack, It's Not Gonna Work": Feasibility of Sociocentric Network Recruitment for Interventions Among Black, Latine, and Caribbean Priority Populations in New York City.

Introduction: Black, Latine, and Caribbean (BLC) sexual and gender minorities (SGM) face structural HIV inequities. Sociocentric interventions may address these barriers, but it is unclear if respondent-driven sampling (RDS) can recruit existing BLC SGM friendship groups or if sociocentric HIV prevention interventions are feasible.

Methods: Using an exploratory mixed-methods design (August/2022-January/2024, New York, NY), we recruited participants into a sociocentric RDS group (sRDS) or an individual-level peer referral (PR) group, with qualitative interviews drawn from quantitative participants.

Differential MRI atrophy profiles and incident dementia: A cross-national comparison.

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with extensive neuropathological and clinical heterogeneity.ObjectiveWe assessed empirically derived brain atrophy profiles in relation to incident AD dementia.MethodsA secondary data analysis of two prospective cohort studies was conducted, including participants without dementia from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI;  = 1703) and the Czech Brain Aging Study (CBAS;  = 385).

Advancing Organic Chemistry Using High-Throughput Experimentation.

High-throughput experimentation (HTE), the miniaturization and parallelization of reactions, is a valuable tool for accelerating diverse compound library generation, optimizing reaction conditions, and enabling data collection for machine learning (ML) applications. When applied to organic synthesis and methodology, HTE still poses various challenges due to the diverse workflows and reagents required, motivating advancements in reaction design, execution, analysis, and data management. To address these limitations, cutting-edge technologies, automation, and artificial intelligence (AI) have been implemented to standardize protocols, enhance reproducibility, and improve efficiency.

Global dynamics of a discrete two-population model for flour beetle growth.

The cannibalistic behavior of has been extensively researched, revealing instances of chaotic dynamics in laboratory environments for . The well-established Larvae-Pupae-Adult (LPA) model has been instrumental in understanding the conditions that lead to chaos in flour beetles (genus: ). In response to new experimental observations showing a decline in the pupae population in , we proposed and analyzed a simplified two-stage Larvae-Adult (LA) model.

Temporal and spatial control over fiber alignment within hyaluronic acid hydrogels using magnetic fields.

Wound healing is tightly regulated in both space and time. To mimic this behavior, we designed magnetically-responsive, fiber-hydrogel composites. When covalently crosslinked hydrogels were combined with layer-by-layer stacking, we demonstrated precise spatial control over fiber orientation.

Person-environment transactions of impulsive traits and day-level alcohol use: A narrative review.

Background: Person-Environment Transactions Theory purports that certain individuals react differently (and gain different experiences) based upon their environment, which therefore informs acute and long-term behavioral development. Given the central role of impulsive traits (i.e.

Computationally efficient Bayesian inference for semi-parametric joint models of competing risks survival and skewed longitudinal data using integrated nested Laplace approximation.

Background: Joint modeling is widely used in medical research to properly analyze longitudinal biomarkers and survival outcomes simultaneously and to guide appropriate interventions in public health. However, such models become increasingly complex and computationally intensive when accounting for multiple features of these outcomes. The need for computationally efficient methods in joint modeling of competing risks survival outcomes and longitudinal biomarkers is particularly critical in clinical and epidemiological settings, where prompt decision-making is essential.

pH variations enable guanine crystal formation within iridosomes.

Many animals produce vivid colors by reflecting and amplifying light with stacked guanine crystals within membrane-bound organelles called iridosomes. While the presence of guanine crystals in iridosomes is well documented, the mechanisms facilitating the accumulation of water-insoluble guanine and driving its crystallization remain unclear. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy, live-cell pH imaging, pharmacological perturbations and spectroscopy to study iridosome maturation in zebrafish.

Generalized paradox of enrichment: noise-driven rare rarity in degraded ecological systems.

The paradox of enrichment stipulates that increasing the resources available to the prey population can lead to instability and a higher likelihood of population fluctuations. We study the converse situation where the prey's environment is degrading and ask if the dynamical interplay between this degradation and stochasticity can be beneficial to the stabilization of the prey population. The underlying systems are non-autonomous and subject to noise.