Conductive Hydrogel-Enabled Electrode for Scalp Electroencephalography Monitoring.

Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) serves as a pivotal technology for the noninvasive monitoring of brain functional activity, diagnosing neurological disorders, and assessing cognitive states. However, inherent compatibility barriers between traditional rigid electrodes and the hairy scalp interface significantly compromise signal quality, long-term monitoring comfort, and user compliance. This review examines conductive hydrogel electrodes' pivotal role in advancing scalp EEG, particularly their unique capacity to overcome hair-interface barriers.

Electrostatic-driven dehydration of ions in nanoporous membranes.

Surface charge critically affects ion-selective membrane performance, particularly in separating ions with similar size and charge, the key challenge in water treatment. Herein, we investigate the permeation of alkali chlorides (LiCl, KCl, and CsCl) through steric hindrance-free nanoporous membranes with tunable surface charge densities. Supported by molecular dynamics simulations, we confirm that electrostatic effects promote the dehydration of Cl, the counterions to the membrane charge, at the positively charged membrane surface.

Machine Learning-Based Identification and Experimental Validation of Hub Ferroptosis-Related Cuproptosis Genes in Lupus Nephritis.

Background: The role of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in lupus nephritis (LN) is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and effects of ferroptosis-related cuproptosis genes (FRCGs) in LN using bioinformatics and experimental validation.

Methods: The LN-related datasets GSE112943 and GSE32591 were downloaded from the GEO database.

Temporary Tattoo-Inspired, Skin-Adaptable Epidermal Electrode from an Ultrathin PU-PVA Film.

Long-term, high-fidelity electrophysiological monitoring requires epidermal electrodes that simultaneously offer conformability, breathability, and mechanical durability─attributes rarely achieved in current designs─through a scalable, simple, and low-cost fabrication strategy. We report a 5.2-μm-thick, transparent, air- and vapor-permeable "tattoo" electrode that adheres to the human skin through water-activated hydrogen bonding provided by a NaCl/glycerol/water hydrating solution, echoing the mechanism of temporary tattoos.

Preference of negatively charged membranes in magnesium and lithium separation by nanofiltration.

Despite the traditional co-ion competition theory suggesting that positively charged nanofiltration (NF) membranes are best for Li⁺/Mg²⁺ separation, practical applications predominantly utilize negatively charged membranes. Furthermore, most biological ion channels in nature are characterized by negatively charged functional groups. To address this theoretical discrepancy, we conducted a comprehensive study that integrates experimental data with molecular dynamics simulations to explore the transport behavior of Mg²⁺ and Li⁺ through negatively charged NF membranes.

PFAS removal from reverse osmosis and nanofiltration brine by granular activated carbon: Thermodynamic insights into salinity effects.

We explored an underexplored area in water treatment by examining the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from reverse osmosis/nanofiltration (RO/NF) brine. We first compared multiple RO/NF membranes, revealing that DK and NF270 showed sub-optimal removal (<90 %) of C4-C8 PFAS, SW30 had low flux (<15 L/m/h at 8 bar), and NFX exhibited significant adsorption of perfluorosulfonic acids (e.g.

Thin-film composite vapor-gap membrane for pressure-driven distillation.

Pressure-driven distillation (PD), as an emerging technology, holds tremendous potential for producing freshwater from nontraditional water sources. In this process, a sufficient hydraulic pressure is applied to drive water evaporation and vapor transport across a vapor-gap membrane. The development of the PD process critically depends on the availability of robust and large-area superhydrophobic membranes.

Development of A Caregiver-Reported Scale for Pediatric Cancer Financial Toxicity (CRS-PCFT).

Background: Financial toxicity is common among families of pediatric patients with cancer. However, the availability of survey and/or screening instruments specific to pediatric family financial toxicity is limited.

Methods: A two-round cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shandong Province, China.

Polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes for base separation and recovery.

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes have the potential to significantly advance resource recovery efforts where monovalent/divalent ion separation is critical, but their utilization is limited by inadequate stability under extreme conditions. "Base separation"-i.e.

Tailoring Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Nanofiltration Membranes by Aerosol-Assisted Printing: Insights into Membrane Formation Mechanisms.

Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) membranes, with advantageous features of versatile chemistry and structures, are driving the development of advanced nanofiltration (NF) membranes with exceptional performance. While developing a printing method holds great promise for the eventual mass production of these membranes, reports on the printing method and the underlying mechanisms of membrane formation are currently scarce. Herein, we develop an aerosol-assisted printing (AAP) system for fabricating PEM NF membranes with highly tunable separation characteristics.

Enhancing rejection of short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by tailoring the surface charge of nanofiltration membranes.

Nanofiltration (NF) effectively removes per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water but struggles with short-chain PFAS (i.e., those containing less than 6 perfluorinated carbons) due to size exclusion inefficiency.

Paintable, Fast Gelation, Highly Adhesive Hydrogels for High-fidelity Electrophysiological Monitoring Wirelessly.

High-fidelity wireless electrophysiological monitoring is essential for ambulatory healthcare applications. Soft solid-like hydrogels have received significant attention as epidermal electrodes because of their tissue-like mechanical properties and high biocompatibility. However, it is challenging to develop a hydrogel electrode that provides robust contact and high adhesiveness with glabrous skin and hairy scalp for high-fidelity, continuous electrophysiological signal detection.

The Hidden Role of the Dielectric Effect in Nanofiltration: A Novel Perspective to Unravel New Ion Separation Mechanisms.

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes play a critical role in separation processes, necessitating an in-depth understanding of their selective mechanisms. Existing NF models predominantly include steric and Donnan mechanisms as primary mechanisms. However, these models often fail in elucidating the NF selectivity between ions of similar dimensions and the same valence.

Ion-Ion Selectivity of Synthetic Membranes with Confined Nanostructures.

Synthetic membranes featuring confined nanostructures have emerged as a prominent category of leading materials that can selectively separate target ions from complex water matrices. Further advancements in these membranes will pressingly rely on the ability to elucidate the inherent connection between transmembrane ion permeation behaviors and the ion-selective nanostructures. In this review, we first abstract state-of-the-art nanostructures with a diversity of spatial confinements in current synthetic membranes.

Mixing due to Solution Switch Limits the Performance of Electrosorption for Desalination.

Electrosorption (ES) is a research frontier in electrochemical separation, with proven potential applications in desalination, wastewater treatment, and selective resource extraction. However, due to the limited adsorption capacity of film electrodes, ES requires short circuiting or circuit reversal, accompanied by a solution switch between the feed solution and receiving solution, to sustain desalination over many charge-discharge cycles. In previously reported studies, solution switches have been commonly ignored to simplify experimental procedures, and their impacts on separation performance are thus not well understood.

A Review of Conductive Hydrogel-Based Wearable Temperature Sensors.

Conductive hydrogel has garnered significant attention as an emergent candidate for diverse wearable sensors, owing to its remarkable and tailorable properties such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and strong electrical conductivity. These attributes make it highly suitable for various wearable sensor applications (e.g.

Extreme Li-Mg selectivity via precise ion size differentiation of polyamide membrane.

Achieving high selectivity of Li and Mg is of paramount importance for effective lithium extraction from brines, and nanofiltration (NF) membrane plays a critical role in this process. The key to achieving high selectivity lies in the on-demand design of NF membrane pores in accordance with the size difference between Li and Mg ions, but this poses a huge challenge for traditional NF membranes and difficult to be realized. In this work, we report the fabrication of polyamide (PA) NF membranes with ultra-high Li/Mg selectivity by modifying the interfacial polymerization (IP) process between piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) with an oil-soluble surfactant that forms a monolayer at oil/water interface, referred to as OSARIP.

Membrane Design Principles for Ion-Selective Electrodialysis: An Analysis for Li/Mg Separation.

Selective electrodialysis (ED) is a promising membrane-based process to separate Li from Mg, which is the most critical step for Li extraction from brine lakes. This study theoretically compares the ED-based Li/Mg separation performance of different monovalent selective cation exchange membranes (CEMs) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes at the coupon scale using a unified mass transport model, i.e.

Therapist and client perceptions of the working alliance: Codevelopment, linear growth, variability, and client functioning.

Using longitudinal client and therapist working alliance ratings, previous research examined how alliance: average value, linear growth, variability, stability (autocorrelation), and partner responsiveness were associated with client outcome. However, no research simultaneously examined all of these dimensions. Omitting important variables in analyses could lead to overestimation of related effects.

Cascade Cyclization of 1,5-Diynols and (RO)P(O)SH to Construct Benzo[]fluorenyl -Alkyl Phosphorothioates under Catalyst-Free Conditions.

An efficient and practical cascade cyclization of 1,5-diynols with (RO)P(O)SH as the acid promoter and nucleophile under mild conditions was developed. A variety of highly substituted benzo[]fluorenyl-containing -alkyl phosphorothioates were successfully constructed in moderate to excellent yields. Furthermore, this protocol exhibited good functional group tolerance, a broad substrate scope, and potential practical applications, with water as the only byproduct.

Nanocomposite Hydrogel Engineered Janus Membrane for Membrane Distillation with Robust Fouling, Wetting, and Scaling Resistance.

Membrane distillation (MD) is considered to be rather promising for high-salinity wastewater reclamation. However, its practical viability is seriously challenged by membrane wetting, fouling, and scaling issues arising from the complex components of hypersaline wastewater. It remains extremely difficult to overcome all three challenges at the same time.

Multipass Nanofiltration for Lithium Separation with High Selectivity and Recovery.

Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising and sustainable process to extract Li from brine lakes with high Mg/Li mass ratios. However, a trade-off between Li/Mg selectivity and Li recovery exists at the process scale, and the Li/Mg selectivity of commercially and lab-made NF membranes in a single-pass NF process is insufficient to achieve the industrially required Li purity. To overcome this challenge, we propose a multipass NF process with brine recirculation to achieve high selectivity without sacrificing Li recovery.

Regulation of molecular transport in polymer membranes with voltage-controlled pore size at the angstrom scale.

Polymer membranes have been used extensively for Angstrom-scale separation of solutes and molecules. However, the pore size of most polymer membranes has been considered an intrinsic membrane property that cannot be adjusted in operation by applied stimuli. In this work, we show that the pore size of an electrically conductive polyamide membrane can be modulated by an applied voltage in the presence of electrolyte via a mechanism called electrically induced osmotic swelling.

Exceptional Mineral Scaling Resistance from the Surface Gas Layer: Impacts of Surface Wetting Properties and the Gas Layer Charging Mechanism.

Mineral scaling is a phenomenon that occurs on submerged surfaces in contact with saline solutions. In membrane desalination, heat exchangers, and marine structures, mineral scaling reduces process efficiency and eventually leads to process failure. Therefore, achieving long-term scaling resistance is beneficial to enhancing process performance and reducing operating and maintenance costs.