Revisiting the Synthesis of Tetramethoxyindolo[3,2-]indole Derivatives and the Study of Their Photoinduced Radical Formation in Halogenated Solvents.

We previously reported that the attempt to synthesize tetramethoxyindolo[3,2-]indole led to an undefined product. Now, it is confirmed that its instability is derived from the one-electron transfer from the tetramethoxyindolo[3,2-]indole derivatives to halogenated solvents under ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light irradiation, forming a stable indolo[3,2-]indole radical cation while causing the carbon-halogen (C-X, X = Cl, Br, I) bond scission.

Investigation into the Regulation of Ag NPs/ZnO NRs/GaN Heterostructure SERS Substrate via Pyroelectric Effects.

Heterostructures have emerged as promising contenders for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications. Nevertheless, the construction of a composite SERS substrate with well-matched energy levels persists as a challenge, primarily due to the restricted selection of SERS-active materials. In this study, we successfully synthesized a Ag nanoparticles (NPs)/ZnO nanorods (NRs)/GaN heterojunction featuring type II staggered energy bands, which provides an outstanding platform for efficient SERS detection.

High Current Gain Endowed by Heterojunction Engineering Coupling Interfacial Molecular Modulation: A Low-Ascorbic Acid-Dependent Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor Aptasensing Platform.

To balance the "detection sensitivity" and "device stability" of the organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) aptasensors, it has become an urgent challenge for achieving effective signal modulation under low ascorbic acid (AA) conditions. To address this, our work proposed a collaborative optimization strategy by coupling heterojunction engineering with interfacial molecular modulation, to endow a high current gain of OPECT with low-AA -dependence. First, a CdZnS-SnInS heterojunction gate was constructed by in situ growth of CdZnS quantum dots (QDs) on SnInS nanoflowers, which enhanced the light trapping ability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photoactive gate.

enhances oligodendrocyte differentiation via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of variant transcripts.

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a conserved RNA surveillance mechanism that degrades transcripts with premature termination codons (PTCs) and finetunes gene expression by targeting RNA transcripts with other NMD inducing features. This study demonstrates that conditional knockout of , a key NMD component, in oligodendrocyte lineage cells disrupts the degradation of PTC-containing transcripts, including aberrant variants of the RNA-binding protein The loss of SMG5 in both sexes of mice impaired oligodendrocyte differentiation, reduced myelin gene expression, and led to thinner myelin sheaths and compromised motor function in mice. Mechanistically, HNRNPL was shown to regulate the alternative splicing of myelin-associated genes and , and promote oligodendrocyte differentiation.

A distributed time-varying neurodynamic algorithm for multi-UAV collaborative target tracking problem in maritime search and rescue.

This work investigates the problem of collaborative target tracking by multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in maritime search and rescue. A class of time-varying (TV) convex optimization problems with inequality constraints is presented. In contrast to existing studies that address UAV-based maritime search and rescue under fixed wind speed conditions, this study also explores collaborative target tracking by UAVs under varying wind speed conditions.

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and unifocal verrucous leukoplakia in China: a comparative retrospective cohort study.

Objective: There are limited data regarding the association and differentiation between proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) and unifocal verrucous leukoplakia (UVL).

Methods: We retrospectively recruited oral leukoplakia (OL) patients from 2010 to 2024, analyzing the demographic, clinical, histopathological features, and malignant transformation of PVL and UVL.

Results: Among 1756 OL subjects, PVL and UVL accounted for 1.

Precise measurement of motor neuron dysfunction in Drosophila ALS model via climbing assay and leg imaging.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and death. While there is a plethora of studies focusing on many aspects of ALS, the pathogenesis of this disease is not well understood, and effective treatments are scarce. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for studying ALS due to its genetic tractability and its evolutionarily conserved cellular and molecular processes which are also shared between the fly and human.

Investigating contributing factors to severe injuries in crashes involving motorized rickshaws in Pakistan.

Introduction: Motorized rickshaws are a common mode of urban transportation in many low and middle-income countries, particularly in South Asia (e.g., Pakistan and India).

Exploring e-scooter risk factors based on interpretable machine learning framework.

Introduction: The recent rise in e-scooter usage has reshaped urban mobility but has also led to a significant increase in e-scooter-related injuries, raising critical safety concerns. While existing research has primarily focused on post-crash medical outcomes and general risk comparisons, substantial gaps remain in identifying specific risk factors associated with e-scooter crashes and utilizing interpretable analytical approaches.

Method: This study addresses these gaps by analyzing 2,400 e-scooter crash records from the UK STATS19 database using advanced machine learning models to predict injury severity.

A Bimolecular Simultaneous Macrocyclization Strategy to Synthesize Cyclic Dinucleotide Analogues with Internucleoside Guanidinium Linkages.

Internucleoside guanidinium linkages are excellent mimics of phosphodiesters and have been used to improve the properties of oligonucleotides. Herein we reported a step economic bimolecular simultaneous macrocyclization (BSM) protocol to prepare cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) analogues with guanidinium linkages. Compared with the 26 steps protocol reported in literature, the current method could provide CDN analogues with internucleoside guanidinium linkages in 9 steps, and the key intermediate prepared in the first 3 steps could be shared to prepare CDN analogues with different nucleobases.

Sexual dimorphism of white-matter functional connectome in healthy young adults.

Background: Sexual dimorphism in human brain has garnered significant attention in neuroscience research. Although multiple investigations have examined sexual dimorphism in gray matter (GM) functional connectivity (FC), the research of white matter (WM) FC remains relatively limited.

Methods: Utilizing resting-state fMRI data from 569 healthy young adults, we investigated sexual dimorphism in the WM functional connectome.

Oxymatrine attenuates the type 1 diabetes mellitus via negative regulation of the follicular helper T cells.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies cause the immune system to attack and destroy pancreatic β-cells, leading to insufficient insulin production and impaired blood glucose control. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are recognized as a group of CD4 T cells that help B cells to produce high-affinity antibodies. Our previous research found that oxymatrine (OMT) exhibits excellent immunomodulatory properties on Tfh cells in autoimmune diseases.

Significantly enhanced effects of heavy metals on the toxicity, bioconcentration and biomagnification under combined exposure.

Heavy metal (HM) co-contamination is prevalent in the aquatic ecosystems and often induces complex combined effects such as synergism or antagonism, bioconcentration and biomagnification on the food-chain organisms, which is threatening the survival of living creatures and even to human health. However, the combined effects of HMs under combined exposure on the aquatic food chains still remain poorly understood. Therefore, toxic responses, bioconcentration and biomagnification of four typical HMs, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), were systematically investigated under different combined exposure conditions.

Lactylation as a metabolic-epigenetic nexus in epilepsy: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications.

Lactylation is a novel post-translational modification (PTM) mediated by lactate, which dynamically regulates protein functions and gene expression by covalently attaching lactate groups to lysine residues. Recent studies have shown that abnormal lactate metabolism not only contributes to the pathogenesis of epilepsy through microenvironment acidification but also influences neuroinflammation, energy metabolism imbalance, neurotransmitter dysregulation, synaptic plasticity, and epigenetic regulation via lactylation. This positions lactylation as a critical metabolic-epigenetic intersection in the pathological mechanisms of epilepsy.

Klotho attenuates D-galactose-induced cardiac aging through the ROS/NLRP3/pyroptosis pathway.

Objective: Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to cardiac aging progression. Klotho, a recognised anti-aging protein, exerts protective effects against cardiac aging. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the protective effects of Klotho on D-galactose (D-gal)-induced cardiac aging and the underlying mechanisms.

Caseazins R-Y, cytotoxic podocarpane diterpenoids from Casearia kurzii.

In the present study, eight undescribed compounds, namely caseazins R-Y (1-8) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Casearia kurzii (Flacourtiaceae). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance methods, X-ray diffraction analysis, and ECD calculations. Compound 1 was characterized as a rare 2,3-seco podocarpane carbon skeleton.

Balanced biocompatibility in high-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based sponge containing nanoconfined silver citrate nanoparticles.

Balancing antibacterial efficacy, mechanical integrity, and biocompatibility remains a critical challenge in drug release systems for wound dressings. Many antimicrobial agents exhibit inherent cytotoxicity, compromising cell viability and tissue compatibility. To address this, an Absorbable Gelatine Sponge was synthetised based on high-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M) and loaded with silver citrate nanorods (AgCit), which confine silver nanoparticles to enable controlled ion release.

Modifying the highland barley gliadin with reducing sugar grafting and enhancing its structural and functional properties.

As the primary storage protein, highland barley gliadin (HBG) exhibits limitations in the processing of highland barley foods, primarily due to its abundant non-polar amino acids. In this study, HBG was utilized to prepare sugar-HBG complexes with pentose (xylose), hexoses (glucose and galactose), and disaccharides (lactose and maltose) in an aqueous system at a pH of 11 and a temperature of 75 °C. Subsequently, the structural and functional characteristics of these complexes were evaluated.

Oral pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of a homogeneous polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula-judae: dual-method validation of absorption and distribution.

Polysaccharides encounter significant challenges in vivo pharmacokinetic studies because of their complex structures and the limitations of current detection methods, thereby impeding their development and biomedical applications. This study systematically investigated the oral absorption characteristics and tissue distribution of ME-2, a homogeneous polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula-judae, using a dual-labeling pharmacokinetic approach. First, a fluorescein-5-thiosemicarbazide (FTSC)-based quantitative method was established to analyze plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of ME-2, demonstrating robust methodological stability (intra-/inter-day RSD < 15 %) and accuracy (recovery rate 95-103 %).

Dynamics of a pine wilt disease control model with nonlocal competition and memory diffusion.

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is mainly spread by Monochamus alternatus (in short, M. alternatus). Woodpecker, as the natural predator of M.

Screening for anti-dysmenorrhea components of Wenjing Decoction: spectral-effect relationship analysis, and efficacy equivalence validation.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is common and has a major impact on women's daily activities and quality of life. Wenjing Decoction (WD), a classic Chinese medicine formula, has been widely used for thousands of years in China to treat PD. However, the key pharmacodynamic substances in WD responsible for its anti-dysmenorrhea efficacy are still unclear.

Cu-induced VBNC state formation in Shewanella xiamenensis JL2 at wastewater-relevant levels.

Heavy metals such as Cu are widely prevalent in wastewater (typically 0.04-157.4 mM in typical treatment systems), threatening microbial communities critical for pollutant removal.

Electric Field-Induced Droplet Detachment and Transport on Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Beetle Elytra-Seta Composite Structures.

The regulation of droplet dynamics based on external electric fields and bioinspired functional surfaces has widespread applications in various fields. However, research on the coupling of these two factors to enhance oil-water separation efficiency is urgently needed. In this study, laser-induced and solvent treatment techniques were coupled to assemble a micronano setal and bioinspired beetle elytra textured substrate with the lotus effect, A "top conductive, bottom insulating" Desert beetle elytra micronano tuft composite texture (DBE) biomimetic superhydrophobic surface was fabricated.