Engineering PUFA Synthase for Enhanced Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Insights and Applications.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for maintaining human health, playing a critical role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and promoting brain development. PUFAs can be synthesized through two independent biosynthetic pathways: the desaturase/elongase pathway and the PUFA synthase pathway. Among these, PUFA synthase is a crucial enzyme analogous to fatty acid synthase (FAS) and iterative polyketide synthase (PKS).

Integrating Biofilm-Based Fermentation With Continuous Processes for Improved L-Valine Production.

L-valine, an essential branched-chain amino acid, is widely used across various industrial sectors. Despite its significance, there is a scarcity of continuous fermentation methodologies, specifically for L-valine production. Biofilm-based Technologies face challenges in sustaining continuous L-valine production due to cell wall damage caused by L-valine sterilization.

Industrial Microbial Technologies for Feed Protein Production from Non-Protein Nitrogen.

Due to the increasing global demand for feed protein, microbial protein has great potential of being able to feed sustainably. However, the application of microbial protein in the animal cultivation industry is still limited by its high cost and availability on scale. From the viewpoint of industrial production, it is vital to specify the crucial processes and components for further technical exploration and process optimization.

Synthesis of hyperbranched polyamidoamine-modified chitosan aerogel and its efficient adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution.

Here, hyperbranched polyamidoamine (HPAMAM)-functionalized chitosan aerogels (HPCSA) with a porous structure and abundant active sites were prepared via the freeze-drying method. The structure of HPCSA was proven through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The kinetic experiments identified that the adsorption process of Cr(VI) by HPCSA followed the pseudo-second-order model, confirming that Cr(VI) adsorption was dominantly controlled by chemisorption.

Sperm metabolomic profiles of varicocele-associated asthenozoospermia.

Varicocele is a leading cause of male infertility, with asthenozoospermia being a common phenotype. The metabolic basis of varicocele-induced asthenozoospermia remains poorly understood, necessitating a comprehensive metabolic profiling study. This GC-MS-based metabolomic study investigated sperm metabolic profiles across three cohorts: healthy controls (HC, n = 30), varicocele patients with normal motility (VC, n = 30), and varicocele-associated asthenozoospermia cases (VA, n = 30).

Mechanism of etoposide resistance in small cell lung cancer and the potential therapeutic options.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a type of high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with low gene mutation. Chemotherapy is the major treatment strategy, but long-term clinical application often leads to drug resistance. Etoposide is a first-line drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for SCLC treatment, but etoposide-resistance is a problem.

Modular assembly and evaluation of a TROP2-targeting immunotoxin for cancer therapy.

Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed in various cancers and associated with poor prognosis. Despite the success of TROP2-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), challenges such as high molecular weight, linker instability, and complex manufacturing limit their broader application. To address these limitations, we developed a novel immunotoxin, Fab-PE24, by conjugating the Fab fragment of a humanized anti-TROP2 monoclonal antibody with a truncated Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE24KDEL) using SpyCatcher-SpyTag technology.

Biodegradation of polypropylene by Bacillus cereus PP-5 isolated from waste landfill.

Waste polypropylene (PP) plastic has caused serious environmental pollution, and biological methods provide a feasible strategy to deal with the environmental pollution and resource waste caused by waste plastics. In this study, we investigated the physicochemical and structural changes of PP plastic degraded by Bacillus cereus PP-5, which was isolated from a waste landfill. After 30-day incubation with PP-5, structural properties of PP powder were analyzed using high-temperature gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry.

Exploring the Nutraceutical Potential of a Food-Medicine Compound for Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via Lipidomics and Network Pharmacology.

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a prevalent global health issue closely tied to dietary habits, impacting a significant portion of the adult population. MAFLD is linked to various metabolic disorders, elevating risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and severely impacting patients' quality of life. While therapeutic research has progressed, effective food-based interventions remain scarce.

Yeast models of mutations in NFU1 gene for biochemical characterization and drug screening.

The mutations in the NFU1 gene result in the autosomal recessive hereditary disorder known as Multiple Mitochondrial Dysfunction Syndrome 1 (MMDS1). Pathogenic mutations cause the intra-mitochondrial target proteins of NFU1 (known as Nfu1 in yeast) to become dysfunctional. There have been reports of 20 NFU1 mutations to date, however the precise pathogenic mechanism of MMDS1 is yet unknown.

One Novel C-Diterpenoid Alkaloid From Dendrobium huoshanense and Its Primary In Vitro Bioactive Evaluation As Well As the Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

One previously undescribed C-diterpenoid alkaloid (DHS-DA-1) was isolated from Dendrobium huoshanense C. Z. Tang et S.

Carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharides protect against septic kidney injury by regulating the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Sepsis is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). Oxidative stress and inflammation within renal tissues are critical pathogenic mechanisms of septic AKI (S-AKI). Carboxymethylated Poria cocos polysaccharides (CMP) exhibit significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Enzymes for Biomass Pretreatment: A Comprehensive Review.

Biomass pretreatment plays a crucial role in the conversion of lignocellulosic biowaste materials into valuable biofuels and biochemicals. Enzymatic pretreatment, in particular, has gained significant attention due to its eco-friendly nature and efficiency in breaking down complex biomass structures. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of enzymes used in biomass pretreatment, including cellulases, hemicellulases, ligninases, and their applications in enhancing the efficiency of biomass conversion processes.

Analysis of Volatile Components From Different Commercially Available Fenugreek Tinctures Based on GC-IMS and SPME-GC-MS and Their Correlation With Sensory Aroma.

This study explored the key flavor components of fenugreek tinctures from various manufacturers and how these components affect the aromas. Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were used to identify the volatile components. The key flavor components were determined by descriptive sensory analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, and odor activity value (OAV).

Boosting ultrasensitive electroanalytical detection of antibiotics at triphasic interface enzymatic biosensor.

Electroanalytical procedures are often closely bound up the gas molecules. However, the detection limitation of some electroanalytical procedures was largely limited by the lower solubility of gas molecules in liquid. To address this problem, a photoelectrochemical enzymatic biosensor with triphasic interface was designed for antibiotics detection.

Robust Controlled Degradation of Enzyme Loaded PCL-Based Fibrous Scaffolds Toward Scarless Skin Tissue Regeneration.

Uncontrolled degradation of wound dressings may result in residues, causing several negative effects on wound healing, such as secondary damage, undesirable inflammation, and scar skin formation. Here, an available strategy associated with the synthesis of enzyme-loaded (Burkholderia cepacia lipase, BCL) polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds, aligning with wound healing effects is reported. These scaffolds are fabricated via fiber microfluidic electrospinning degradation-control technique.

Construction of an efficient enzyme-cell@material biocatalyst through the biofilm immobilization of Komagataella phaffii for continuous biocatalysis.

The ever-growing demand for cost-effective and green biocatalytic transformations has prompted the rational design and development of robust biocatalytic tools. However, transformations are hindered by limited continuous process and enzymatic instability. Here, 10 Flo family related genes in Komagataella phaffii were systematically evaluated to assess their adhesive properties.

Advances in synthesizing plant-derived isoflavones and their precursors with multiple pharmacological activities using engineered yeasts.

Isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein are naturally occurring compounds found in plants such as legumes. They have diverse pharmacological activities, making them valuable in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Currently, isoflavones are mainly obtained through the extraction of plant biomass.

Self-luminous nanoengineered bacteria with the sustained release of interleukin 2 as an in situ vaccine for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.

Bacteria-based in situ vaccination (ISV) has emerged as an effective therapeutic approach by activating anti-tumor immunity. However, inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) and promoting effector T cell activation remain critical challenges in clinical applications of bacteria-based ISV. Here, we have developed a tumor microenvironment-activated nano-hybrid engineered bacterium as ISV.

Promote Sepsis Recovery through the Inhibition of Immunothrombosis via a Combination of Probenecid Nanocrystals and Cefotaxime Sodium.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by a dysregulated host immune response to pathogenic infection. Due to its high mortality rate, it has been a major global public health problem. Recent studies have shown that the formation of immunothrombosis plays as a "double-edged sword" in the pathogenesis of sepsis, and how to properly regulate immunothrombosis to avoid organ damage and end the high-inflammation state as early as possible are the key steps for sepsis therapy.

Synergistic Regulation at Physiological, Transcriptional, and Metabolic Levels in Plants Under Combined Drought and High-Temperature Stress.

With global warming and climate change, the occurrence of abiotic stresses has become increasingly prevalent. Drought often occurs with high temperatures, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the molecular mechanisms of plants responding to combined drought and high-temperature stress remains unclear.

Mechanism of antibacterial and antibiofilm of thiazolidinone derivative TD-H2-A against Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens causing widespread infections. It has been demonstrated that thiazolidinone derivative (TD-H2-A), a small molecule compound that targets WalK protein through high-throughput screening, exerts antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects on S. aureus.

Establishing a novel pathway for the biosynthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a pivotal molecule within the realm of metabolic health, serving as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a critical coenzyme in cellular energy metabolism. In recent years, the biological production of NMN has garnered significant interest. In this study, we developed the novel NRK-dependent synthesis routes for NMN production.

Polyethylenimine-Assisted Interfacial Modulation Based on Electrostatic Balancing and Hierarchical Channel to the Cytidine 5'-Monophosphate Conversion Performance of Uridine-Cytosine Kinase.

Interfacial modulation of protein microenvironments plays a pivotal role in enhancing enzyme immobilization and catalysis. In this study, we proposed a polyethylenimine (PEI)-assisted strategy that combines electrostatic and affinity interactions to improve the performance of Cytidine 5'-Monophosphate (CMP) conversion by uridine-cytidine kinase (UCK). The PEI-modified interface creates an optimal local microenvironment that maintains a balanced charge distribution, stabilizes UCK's conformation, and prevents denaturation.

Application of compost amended with biochar on the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in a soil-cucumber system-from the perspective of high-dose fertilization.

The transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from soils to vegetables negatively impacts human health. This study explored the effects of the high-dose (18.73 t/ha) application of traditional compost (TC) and composts produced through the co-composting of traditional materials with large-sized (5-10 mm) biochar-amended compost (LBTC) or small-sized (< 0.