Recent advances and future perspectives of long-acting ophthalmic preparations (LAOPs) in clinical applications.

The intricate structure of ocular barriers significantly impedes drug penetration, leading to suboptimal efficacy of conventional ophthalmic formulations. Sustained/controlled-release long-acting ophthalmic preparations (LAOPs) address these limitations by prolonging drug retention, reducing dosing frequency, and enhancing therapeutic precision. This review categorizes clinically validated LAOPs by administration route, highlighting both market-approved products and investigational candidates in ongoing clinical trials.

An enzymatic process of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction in a microflow system.

A green and efficient method for the Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction has been developed in a microflow system. A Novozym 435-catalyzed MBH reaction is reported, wherein the co-catalyst nicotinamide was employed to enhance the catalytic efficiency. The reaction was carried out under mild conditions, yielding the target product in up to 67% yield within 16 minutes.

Designing a Novel Multienzyme Cascade with a Coenzyme Self-Recycling System for the Synthesis of 2-Phenylethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside from Phenylalanine.

Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) are glycoconjugates composed of phenylethyl alcohols and glycoside moieties, exhibiting diverse bioactivities. 2-Phenylethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (2PE-Glc) is the simplest form of PhGs. We successfully designed and implemented a novel multienzyme cascade system with cofactor self-recycling capabilities for the efficient synthesis of 2PE-Glc from l-phenylalanine (L-Phe).

Domain engineering of dextransucrase and soft nanoconfinement-enhanced biosynthesis of pharmaceutical-grade dextran.

Dextran, a polysaccharide with critical pharmaceutical applications, requires precise molecular weight control for optimal functionality. Traditional chemical synthesis methods face challenges in efficiency and environmental sustainability. Here, we present a combinatorial strategy integrating enzyme engineering and soft nanoconfinement to achieve one-step biosynthesis of tailored dextran.

Toward next-generation smart medical care wearables: where microfluidics meet microneedles.

The integration of microneedles (MNs) with microfluidic platforms has emerged as a transformative approach for developing next-generation smart wearable devices aimed at precise drug delivery and real-time physiological monitoring. This review introduces a multifunctional wearable device that combines the minimally invasive penetration of MNs with the dynamic fluid manipulation capabilities of microfluidics to enhance wound care and chronic disease management. We systematically examine recent advancements in materials, structural design, and manufacturing techniques that enable this integration, highlighting the role of porous, hollow, and bioinspired microneedles in synergistic drug administration and biosensing.

Development of metal-organic frameworks and HPβCD/erythritol inclusion complexes loaded onto efficient nanometer fiber membranes for active food packaging.

In this study, the inclusion complexes were prepared using an ultrasound-mediated technique using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as the main body and erythritol (Ery) as a functional component. Nanofiber films with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were prepared by blending metal-organic frameworks (ZIF-8), inclusion complexes with polylactic acid (PLA)/gelatin (Gel)/glycerol (GI), and electrostatic spinning method for active packaging. The infrared spectroscopy and crystallographic analysis results indicate that the HPβCD/Ery inclusion complex was successfully prepared.

A Chitosan-Binding Protein Mediated the Affinity Immobilization of Enzymes on Various Polysaccharide Microspheres.

In this study, we developed an innovative method for one-step enzyme purification and immobilization utilizing polysaccharide-based microspheres through a chitosan-binding module that mediated affinity adsorption. The chitosan-binding domain derived from sp. IK-5 was genetically fused with multiple target enzymes (lysine decarboxylase, glutamate oxidase, and formate dehydrogenase), all of which were successfully expressed in soluble forms.

Biosynthesis of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural new whole-cell biocatalysts.

The selective oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to value-added furan compounds presents significant challenges due to the inherent high reactivity of HMF. In this study, two microorganisms were identified as whole-cell biocatalysts for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfuroic acid (HMFCA) from HMF. The cells of sp.

Challenges and Advances of Interstitial Skin Fluid Wearable Smart Sensors on Emerging Microneedle Platforms.

Interstitial skin fluid (ISF) holds great potential in bioassays as its components are similar to blood, offering a noninvasive alternative for disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Microneedles (MNs), a novel biomedical tool, enable minimally invasive and painless extraction of ISF. This perspective systematically examines the latest advancements in MN-based ISF extraction and sensing.

Enhancing Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Mechanical Properties through Biomimetic Mineralization by Self-Assembled Catalytic Complexes.

Protein-based framework hydrogels often exhibit limitations in mechanical strength and biocompatibility, particularly in applications related to medicine, industry, and environmental engineering. To overcome these challenges, the incorporation of natural biological macromolecules has emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing the hydrogel performance. Specifically, mimicking the natural biomineralization process enables the fabrication of tough hydrogels through biomimetic calcium deposition.

A novel immobilized bioreactor based on CFD simulation for fuel ethanol production from corn.

This study evaluated the feasibility of ethanol production from corn in a surface immobilized bioreactor. The mass transfer of 50 L immobilized bioreactor was analyzed based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Compared to the traditional stirred fermenter, the surface immobilized fermenter system exhibited a relatively weak liquid velocity, but its flow field distribution was relatively uniform, which ensured an ideal interaction environment between cells and substrates.

Folic acid supplementation on congenital heart disease and its dual character.

Pregnant women are vulnerable to folate deficiency as its requirement is substantially greater than folate requirements for non-pregnant women. Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate and has been used in the fortified foods and nutritional supplements. Since the 1990s, maternal folic acid supplementation has been adopted by the governments and health organizations around the world as the policy to prevent the birth defects, especially neural tube defects.

A Pd-tannic acid-loaded ceramic catalytic membrane for the flow-through Sonogashira reaction.

A recyclable palladium-loaded ceramic catalytic membrane, modified with tannic acid, was developed for the first time. In the as-fabricated membrane-catalyzed flow-through Sonogashira reaction, aryl iodides and aryl phenylacetylenes reacted effectively under mild conditions. Inductively coupled plasma analysis showed no significant Pd content loss after multiple cycles.

Dextran based dual-dynamic-network hydrogel for chronic wound healing with mechanically adaptive, antibacterial, and pH-responsive drug delivery.

Chronic non-healing wounds requires dressings that combine flexibility, infection control, and responsive environments, a need unmet by current options. In this study, we developed a dual-dynamic-network hydrogel using covalent Schiff base bonds and non-covalent Al-carboxyl coordination with oxidized dextran (ODex), polyethyleneimine-modified gelatin (PEI-Gel), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and aluminum ions (Al), achieving three synergistic functions critical for clinical application. The DPA (ODex/PEI-Gel/PAA) hydrogel exhibits tissue-like deformability, with an elongation capacity of 920.

Access to 2-(Trifluoromethyl)indoles via Pd(0)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of Trifluoroacetimidoyl Chlorides with Alkynes.

A novel Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular 5-- cyclization between trifluoroacetimidoyl halides and alkynes has been established, involving a key alkyne oxypalladation process with HO serving as the nucleophile. This protocol exhibits broad functional group tolerance under mild conditions, providing 2-(trifluoromethyl)indole derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. Notably, the streamlined synthesis of a trifluoromethylated pravadoline analogue and the anticancer bioactivities of three products highlight the potential of this methodology for practical applications.

Regulating the gel structure and digestive function of myofibrillar protein: The distinct roles of pre-hydrated curdlan and β-glucan.

This study investigated the effects of pre-hydrated curdlan (CT) and β-glucan (BT) (0.2-1.0 %) on the gel structure, digestion, and rheological properties of myofibrillar protein (MP).

Improving the Soluble Expression of Sweet Protein Thaumatin II through Directed Evolution in .

Thaumatin is a natural sweet protein valued for its intense sweetness, long-lasting effect, low-calorie content, and safety. However, limited solubility and low yields hinder microbial fermentation. To overcome these challenges, we engineered to express thaumatin II and implemented three strategies to improve its solubility.

Anti-tumor and immunomodulation activity of polysaccharide from Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis in S180 tumor-bearing mice.

Background: Many Chinese patent drug and Chinese herbal formulas containing Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis are frequently utilized as complementary treatments in cancer, aiming to enhance efficacy and mitigate adverse reactions. Recent studies highlight the crucial function of herbal polysaccharides in anti-tumor and immunomodulation activity.

Extraction of 4'-hydroxyacetophenone and caudatin from Cynanchum auriculatum flowers using enzymolysis-green surfactant assisted homogenate ultrasound method.

An efficient and green enzymolysis-surfactant-assisted homogenate ultrasound method (ESHU) was used to extract of 4'-hydroxyacetophenone and caudatin from Cynanchum auriculatum flowers. After optimizing ESHU using a mathematical design model, the yields of 4'-hydroxyacetophenone and caudatin were 83.23 ± 3.

Shift in the distribution of native species Littoraria intermedia in response to Spartina alterniflora invasion.

The progression of Spartina alterniflora invasion profoundly reshapes coastal ecosystems, yet the impacts of its invasion stage-specific on native species remain understudied. The field investigation along China's Yellow Sea coast was conducted to examine how invasion stages (initial to senescing) and seasons jointly drove population dynamics of the native gastropod Littoraria intermedia. Through systematic sampling of 160 quadrats across four seasons, we quantified density shifts of L.

Enhanced nattokinase production by from glycerol and okara: optimization of culture medium via response surface methodology.

Introduction: Nattokinase is an alkaline serine protease with potent thrombolytic activity. Due to its safety profile, low cost, and ease of oral administration, it has gained significant attention for therapeutic applications. To meet the demand for cost-effective production of nattokinase via fermentation, this study utilized renewable biomass resources-glycerol and okara-as raw materials for nattokinase production.

Surface Ion-Imprinted Polypropylene Fibers for Selective and Rapid Adsorption of Borate Ions: Preparation, Characterization, and Performance Study.

This study presents a novel ion-imprinted fiber material, I-(PP-g-GMA-NMDG), designed for the rapid and selective adsorption of borate ions. Leveraging low-temperature plasma graft polymerization, polypropylene (PP) melt-blown fibers were functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and -methyl--glucamine (NMDG) to introduce tailored recognition sites. Systematic optimization of plasma parameters (100 W discharge power, O atmosphere) and liquid-phase grafting conditions (28.

Metabolism of oxyfluorfen by actinobacteria sp. F3Y.

Oxyfluorfen, a potent diphenyl ether herbicide, has raised significant environmental concerns due to its persistence, toxicity to non‒target organisms, and potential carcinogenicity. Microbial degradation plays a crucial role in mitigating its impact, yet complete mineralization pathways remain poorly understood. In this study, we isolated sp.

Research progress and development prospects of microbial synthesis of ergothioneine.

Ergothioneine (Egt) is a rare sulfur-containing amino acid widely distributed in edible fungi and bacteria. As a natural antioxidant, Egt has demonstrated significant application potential in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, conventional Egt production predominantly relies on chemical synthesis and biological extraction methods, which suffer from low titers and cannot meet the escalating market demand.

Comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome implicated in the immune response of Procambarus clarkii to Aeromonas hydrophila.

In order to better understand the immune response of Procambarus clarkii to Aeromonas hydrophila injection, the transcriptome data of the gill tissue of P. clarkii were compared and analyzed. 1008 significant DEGs were identified in A.