A hypovirulence-associated capsidless bi-segmented ssRNA mycovirus enhances melanin and microsclerotial production in a vascular phytopathogenic fungus.

Mycoviruses are increasingly recognized for their multifaceted roles in fungal ecology, because of advances in understanding of their biology and molecular features. In this research, we identified and characterized two capsidless, bi-segmented positive-sense RNA mycoviruses: Verticillium dahliae ormycovirus 1 (VdOMV1) and VdOMV2, both of which infect Verticillium dahliae, a fungal pathogen causing vascular wilt of cotton. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VdOMV1 and VdOMV2 cluster within the ormycovirus group, an evolutionary lineage unique to Riboviria.

Lysosome-hijacking inhalable nanomimosa enhances ferroptosis for lung cancer therapy.

Ferroptosis therapy shows potential for lung tumor treatment, but precise accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) remains a challenge. A lysosome-hijacking strategy was developed, aiming to induce ROS spread from lysosomes to the entire cell. The key is delivering a ROS inducer to the lysosome for rapid and targeted ROS generation.

Disruption of triggers apoptosis and causes defects in growth, conidiogenesis, and mycoparasitism of .

is a well-known mycoparasite against Two critical factors for the commercialization of as a biocontrol agent are conidial production and parasitism. To decipher the mechanisms of conidiogenesis and mycoparasitism in , a conidiation-deficient mutant, ZS-1TN5012, was isolated from a transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertional library. This mutant exhibited significantly reduced hyphal development, poor conidiation, and decreased sclerotial mycoparasitism.

Autonomous drug delivery and scar microenvironment remodeling using micromotor-driven microneedles for hypertrophic scars therapy.

Hypertrophic scar is a fibrous hyperplastic disorder that arises from skin injuries. The current therapeutic modalities are constrained by the dense and rigid scar tissue which impedes effective drug delivery. Additionally, insufficient autophagic activity in fibroblasts hinders their apoptosis, leading to excessive matrix deposition.

A group of segmented viruses contains genome segments sharing homology with multiple viral taxa.

Unlabelled: The discovery of diverse segmented RNA viruses through metatranscriptomics has enabled researchers to trace their evolutionary trajectories. However, this effort has been hindered by the limited availability of complete genome sequences and the low similarity of novel viral segments. In this study, we characterized Fusarium asiaticum vivivirus 1 (FaVvV1), a +ssRNA mycovirus with 10 monocistronic RNA segments (S1 to S10, encoding VP1 to VP10), present in the phytopathogenic fungus .

Loss of Pathogenicity and Evidence of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides From a Medicinal Plant.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a major agricultural pathogen of crops that has also been identified as an endophyte of the medicinal plant Huperzia serrata. Both H. serrata and C.

Differential phosphorylation of receptor kinase SlLYK4 mediates immune responses to bacterial and fungal pathogens in tomato.

Bacterial wilt caused by is a devastating plant disease. Exopolysaccharide (EPS), a major virulence factor of , elicits pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in tomato, but the means by which EPS is recognized in the plant remain poorly understood. We found that tomato non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) receptor kinase SlLYK4 mediates the perception of EPS and positively regulates resistance to bacterial wilt.

The rules in co-infection of multiple viruses across diverse lineages in a fungal host.

Unlabelled: Viruses, ubiquitous non-cellular organisms, pose significant threats to human health and to the agricultural productivity of both livestock and crops. Emerging evidence indicates that multiple viruses can infect a single host, and viral co-infection can exert a profound influence on host physiology. However, our understanding of the prevalence of co-infection and the compatibility of phylogenetically distant viruses is still limited.

A Hypovirulence-Associated Partitivirus and Re-Examination of Horizontal Gene Transfer Between Partitiviruses and Cellular Organisms.

Previous research has unearthed the integration of the coat protein () gene from alphapartitivirus into plant genomes. Nevertheless, the prevalence of this horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between partitiviruses and cellular organisms remains an enigma. In our investigation, we discovered a novel partitivirus, designated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum alphapartitivirus 1 (SsAPV1), from a hypovirulent strain of .

Arabidopsis OTU2 deubiquitinates cysteine protease RD21A to enhance clubroot resistance.

Clubroot is a major threat to cruciferous crops worldwide, largely due to the complex pathogenesis of its causal agent, Plasmodiophora brassicae, and the limited availability of genetic resistance in plants. Previous research has shown that P. brassicae secretes the E3 ubiquitin ligase PbE3-2, which targets and degrades the Arabidopsis thaliana cysteine protease RD21A to facilitate infection.

A Necrotrophic Phytopathogen-Derived GPI-Anchored Protein Functions as an Elicitor to Activate Plant Immunity and Enhance Resistance.

GPI-anchored proteins are widely distributed in eukaryotic cells. However, their functions are still poorly understood in necrotrophic pathogenic fungi. Here, based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression screening, a novel secreted GPI-anchored protein, SsGP1, that induces plant cell death was characterised in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Exploration of mycovirus composition in a hypovirulent strain of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum potentially uncovers mycovirus cross-taxa transmission.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a worldwide plant pathogenic fungus. Identifying novel mycoviruses in this fungus can aid in developing fungal disease control strategies and enhance our understanding of viral evolution. Here, we analyzed mycovirus composition in S.

SsNEP2 Plays a Role in the Interaction Between and .

, a fungal pathogen that is spread worldwide and causes serious diseases on crops, can be parasitized specifically by the mycoparasite . encoding a necrosis-inducing protein in was previously inferred to play a role in the virulence to host plants. In this study, silencing of in had no significant ( < 0.

Latent class analysis of autonomous vehicle crashes.

Introduction: Since September 2014, the California Department of Motor Vehicles has requested autonomous vehicle (AV) manufacturers to report their accidents if they take field tests on public roadways in California. These collision reports are heterogeneous containing a variety of accident factors.

Method: To describe the accident more elaborately, we add three new category variables: 'traffic control and status,' 'speed/speed change,' and 'type of accident location,' extracted from crash narratives.

Exploring the interaction between endornavirus and : mechanisms of phytopathogenic fungal virulence and antivirus.

Hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses have the potential as biocontrol agents for plant fungal disease management, and exploration of the interactions between these mycoviruses and phytopathogenic fungi can provide opportunities to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of hypovirulence and antiviruses. We previously found that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum endornavirus 3 (SsEV3), belonging to the genus within the family , confers hypovirulence on the phytopathogenic fungus , but the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, we found that the SsEV3-infected strain produced fewer sclerotia, failed to form infection cushions on plant hosts, exhibited increased cell vacuolation, and was more sensitive to abiotic stresses.

Smart core-shell microneedles for psoriasis therapy: In situ self-assembly of calcium ion-coordinated dexamethasone hydrogel.

Psoriasis is a prevalent relapsing dermatological condition that often necessitates lifelong treatment. The distinctive thickening of the stratum corneum presents a challenge to drug penetration. The employment of microneedles has been demonstrated to enhance the transdermal drug delivery efficacy by creating multiple microchannels in the skin.

An enhancer-promoter-transcription factor module orchestrates plant immune homeostasis by constraining camalexin biosynthesis.

Effective plant defense against pathogens relies on highly coordinated regulation of immune gene expression. Enhancers, as cis-regulatory elements, are indispensable determinants of dynamic gene regulation, but the molecular functions in plant immunity are not well understood. In this study, we identified a novel enhancer, CORE PATTERN-INDUCED ENHANCER 35 (CPIE35), which is rapidly activated upon pathogenic elicitation and negatively regulates antifungal resistance through modulating WRKY15 expression.

A Mycovirus Representing a Novel Lineage and a Mitovirus of Co-Infect a Basidiomycetous Fungus, .

Strain IBc-114 was isolated from a gray mold lesion and was identified as the fungus In this strain, two mycoviruses, Schizophyllum commune RNA virus 1 (ScRV1, C_AA053475.1) and Botrytis cinerea mitovirus 9 strain IBc-114 (BcMV9/IBc-114, C_AA053476.1), were isolated and characterized.

"On-demand" nanosystem-integrated microneedles for amplified triple therapy against recalcitrant bacteria and biofilm growth.

Phototherapy has emerged to eradicate recalcitrant bacteria without causing drug resistance, but it is often accompanied by considerable limitations owing to a high tolerance of recalcitrant bacteria to heat and oxidative damage, leading to low efficiency of monotherapy and unwanted side effects. Assuming that employing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to disrupt bacterial membranes could reduce bacterial tolerance, a multifunctional "on-demand" nanosystem based on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) with metal ions for intrinsic antibacterial activity was constructed to potently kill methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Then, microneedles (MNs) were used to transdermally deliver the ZIF-8-based nanosystem for localized skin infection.

Bevacizumab as a mitigating factor for the impact of high systemic immune-inflammation index on chemorefractory in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

Background: Predicting chemorefractory disease in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains challenging. This study aimed to identify clinicopathological factors and hemogram data as predictive markers for chemorefractory EOC and to explore potential therapeutic approaches that may mitigate these unfavorable conditions.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with advanced EOC treated with chemotherapy.

Biomineralized catalytic nanoreactor integrated microneedle patch for on demand immunomodulator supply to combat psoriasis.

The endogenous immunomodulator adenosine (ADO) was expected to be potentialized as an efficacious mediator to combat psoriasis. However, its efficacy is severely hindered by its poor metabolic stability and insufficient accumulation at the dermatological lesions. In this study, a biomineralized catalytic nanoreactor was delicately customized by encapsulating ADO precursor (adenosine monophosphate, AMP) within the internal porous skeleton of zeolitic imidazolate framework-90, followed by the biomineralization of the AMP catabolic enzyme on the outer layer.

An effector essential for virulence of necrotrophic fungi targets plant HIRs to inhibit host immunity.

Phytopathogens often secrete effectors to enhance their infection of plants. In the case of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a necrotrophic phytopathogen, a secreted protein named SsPEIE1 (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Plant Early Immunosuppressive Effector 1) plays a crucial role in its virulence. During the early stages of infection, SsPEIE1 is significantly up-regulated.

Ubiquitination and degradation of plant helper NLR by the Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipV2 overcome tomato bacterial wilt resistance.

The Ralstonia solanacearum species complex causes bacterial wilt in a variety of crops. Tomato cultivar Hawaii 7996 is a widely used resistance resource; however, the resistance is evaded by virulent strains, with the underlying mechanisms still unknown. Here, we report that the phylotype Ⅱ strain ES5-1 can overcome Hawaii 7996 resistance.