Versatile Applications of CRISPR-Based Programmable T-DNA Integration in Plants.

Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA integration into plant genomes represents a cornerstone for transgenic expression in plant basic research and synthetic biology. However, random T-DNA integration can disrupt essential endogenous genes or compromise transgene expression, stressing the need for targeted integration strategies. Here we explored CRISPR-aided targeted T-DNA integration (CRISTTIN) in Arabidopsis, leveraging CRISPR-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) to facilitate precise T-DNA insertion.

Regulating Dynamic Evolution of Interfacial Electrolyte Configuration via Inert Cation Induced Anion Anchoring to Stabilize Lithium-Metal Anode.

Interfacial stability in high-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) hinges on precise regulation of dynamic interfacial electrolyte configuration. Although inert cations are frequently employed to stabilize Li-metal anode, their interfacial adsorption behavior and the resultant evolution of the electrolyte/electrode interface remain elusive. Herein, using in-situ spectroscopy, we visualized the adsorption of inert cations, exemplified by tetrabutylammonium (TBA).

Proteomic subtypes enrich current acute myeloid leukemia nomenclature and reflect intrinsic pathogenesis alongside aging.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous hematological malignancy that increasingly affects the elderly population, with its post-transcriptional landscape remaining largely elusive. Establishing a stable proteomics-based classification system and systematically screening age-related proteins and regulatory networks are crucial for understanding the pathogenesis and outcomes of AML. In this study, we leveraged a multi-omics cohort of 374 newly diagnosed AML patients, integrating proteome, phosphoproteome, genome, transcriptome, and drug screening data.

Raman Spectroscopy Reveals the Multifunctional Role of Interfacial Water in CO-to-C Electroreduction on Cu() Surfaces.

Interfacial water serves as both a proton donor and a competitor for active sites at the copper-catalyst interface in the electrochemical CO reduction reaction (CORR). However, its precise impact on C product selectivity remains debatable. Here, through the utilization of Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, we have discovered that the population of K cation hydrated water (K-HO) rises concurrently with the increase of C yield on atomically flat model Cu() single crystal surfaces.

Unveiling the Angstrom-Scale Interfacial Electron Spillover through the Metal/Electrolyte Interface.

The behaviors of solid-liquid interfacial electron spillovers under negative potentials are crucial for understanding heterogeneous reactions and catalysts. The missing experimental details at the angstrom scale leave the current understanding of interfacial electron spillovers largely conceptual. Herein, we demonstrated interfacial electron spillover at electrode-electrolyte interfaces by combining electrochemical plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PERS) with a plasmonic molecular ruler strategy.

Gas Evolution Analysis of Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Li-Ion Battery.

Sulfide-based all-solid-state Li-ion batteries employing Ni-rich cathodes have emerged as the most promising candidate for high specific capacity and excellent safety. Nevertheless, the unstable solid-solid interface between sulfide electrolytes and Ni-rich cathodes induces detrimental side reactions, which are primarily responsible for rapid capacity fading and even pose significant safety risks. Herein, in situ mass spectrometry is employed to systematically investigate the gas evolution throughout the electrochemical processes and thermal runaway scenarios.

Graphdiyne Production in a Flash: High-Yield Direct Synthesis by Electron Beam Irradiation.

Graphdiyne (GDY), an emerging 2D carbon allotrope, holds immense potential for diverse applications but is severely constrained by relatively complex and time-intensive synthesis methods. Here, a novel electron beam irradiation strategy is reported that enables the ultrafast and scalable synthesis of GDY directly from its protected monomer, hexakis[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]benzene (HEB-TMS), under ambient conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of the direct use of electron beam irradiation in carbon materials synthesis, achieving the shortest synthesis time for GDY from HEB-TMS reported to date.

Pseudocapacitive materials for energy storage: properties, mechanisms, and applications in supercapacitors and batteries.

The growing demand for efficient energy storage has intensified interest in pseudocapacitive materials, known for their high-power density, rapid charge-discharge capabilities, and tunable physicochemical properties. This review explores the foundational principles and evolution of pseudocapacitive materials, emphasizing recent strategies to improve their electrochemical performance in supercapacitor applications. Key focus areas include: 1) intercalation-type materials such as NbO, TiO, and VO, which offer fast and reversible ion insertion without phase transitions; 2) redox-active materials like transition metal oxides and 2D materials (e.

Atomic-Scale Control and In Situ Raman Probing of Hot Carrier Transport in Two-Dimensional Heterojunctions.

Chemical reactions triggered by plasmonic hot carriers attract growing attention due to their high activity and widely adjustable selectivity. However, precise control of hot carrier behaviors and catalytic reactions driven by them on the subnanometer scale remains challenging. Herein, the transportation of plasmonic hot carriers in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions consisting of graphene and MoS, as well as its influence on photocatalytic reactions, has been in situ monitored by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with atomic layer accuracy.

Site-Blocking Strategy Boosts HS Tolerance in Platinum-Based Hydrogen Oxidation Catalysts.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) show great potential for energy conversion, but their platinum-based hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) catalysts are easily and irreversibly poisoned by trace impurities like HS, causing performance degradation with unclear mechanisms. Here, combining in situ Raman spectroscopy with theoretical calculations, we found that on pure Pt surfaces, HS dissociates into S* and HS* intermediates that occupy active sites of continuous Pt atoms in an acidic solution under 50 ppm HS/H atmosphere. However, on PtRu alloy surfaces, while *OH species were observed on Ru sites, no sulfur-containing species were detected on Pt sites.

An Amygdala-hippocampus Circuit for Endocannabinoid Modulation of Anxiety Avoidance.

Recent studies indicate a therapeutic potential of increased brain endocannabinoids (eCBs) in anxiety disorders, but the underlying brain circuits are still elusive. Here, it is observed that optogenetic inhibition and activation of anterior basolateral amygdala (aBLA) - ventral hippocampus (vHPC) glutamatergic projections respectively decrease and increase anxiety avoidance behaviors. Then, the contributions of eCBs in aBLA-vHPC projections to anxiety avoidance are investigated by employing three newly developed synapse- and circuit-specific eCB-targeted viral strategies to achieve real-time monitoring of eCB release, in vivo optogenetic activation of CB1 receptors, and CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockdown of eCB biosynthesis enzymes.

Elevating Nitrate Reduction through the Mastery of Hierarchical Hydrogen-Bond Networks.

To effectively resolve environmental and industrial dilemmas, electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO) to ammonia (NH) offers a brilliant strategy for tackling pollution and creating economic value, but the scarcity and reduced reactivity of available interfacial water and reactive adsorbates represent ongoing obstacles. Here, we reform the water-ion networks via electrolyte concentration manipulation and electrode construction on atomically flat Au single-crystal surfaces. With the combination of in situ Raman spectroscopy and multifidelity theoretical simulations, we pinpoint HO with dual hydrogen-bond donors as an observable indicator for nitrate electroreduction (NORR).

Interfacial Water on Ag/AgS Nanowires Enhancing the Ethanol Selectivity for CO Electroreduction.

The electrochemical conversion of CO into multicarbon products represents a pivotal yet challenging target, particularly for metal catalysts that predominantly yield C products. Herein, this challenge is addressed through sulfur-induced electronic modulation of Ag-based catalysts, steering the CO reduction pathway toward ethanol production. By constructing atomically engineered Ag/AgS nanowires (NWs) via a controlled sulfurization strategy, a remarkable Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 75% for ethanol at -0.

Unveiling the Solvation Chemistry and Surface Effects on CO Reduction Reaction Pathways in Nonaqueous Li-CO Batteries.

Achieving highly reversible Li-CO batteries requires efficient and reversible CO redox reactions. However, the CO reduction reaction (CORR) mechanism during discharge in nonaqueous electrolytes, strongly influenced by the solvent environment and surface structure, remains unclear. Here, we systematically investigate the CORR on atomically flat Au() single crystal surfaces, providing direct spectral evidence of vital surface/intermediate species using in situ Raman spectroscopy.

Causal association between body mass index and risk of colon polyps: A Mendelian randomization study.

The relationship between obesity and colorectal polyps remains inconclusive. This study aimed to examine whether body mass index (BMI) is causally associated with colon polyps. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using the inverse variance weighted, weighted median and MR-Egger regression methods was performed.

Spatially Confined Electrosynthesis of Halogen-Poor and Carbonyl-Rich Graphene for Boosting Water Desalination and Water Splitting.

Electrochemical in situ modification of graphene remains a challenge because of the pretty low concentration of radicals generated during the electroexfoliation process. The spatially confined electrosynthesis of halogen-poor and carbonyl-rich graphene (XCG, X═F, Cl, Br) is reported. It is found that the effective radical addition reaction between graphite/graphene and electro-generated radicals (halogen radical and carboxylic radical) is promoted by using X and HCOO as both intercalation ions and co-reactants, which assists the efficient formation of high crystalline XCG.

Lewis-Base Electrolyte Additive Mediates Interfacial Chemistry for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries.

Electrolytes play a crucial role in regulating interfacial chemistry, which is essential for the development of high-energy-density lithium metal batteries. Herein, we present an ether-based electrolyte system incorporating the simplest Grignard reagent, CHMgCl, as an additive. This additive, endowed with Lewis-base characteristics, enhances the stability of the anode-electrolyte interface through bifunctional effects.

Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the Phyllosphere of Urban Green Spaces.

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is an important source of nitrogen in ecosystems. Compared to symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, free-living diazotrophic bacteria have a broader distribution and greater diversity, demonstrating greater potential for application. Leaf surfaces constitute one of the largest microbial reservoirs on Earth, harboring a variety of free-living diazotrophic bacteria, contributing significantly to plant N acquisition and growth.

Cooperative promotion of electroreduction of CO to -propanol by *CO enrichment and proton regulation.

The CO/CO electroreduction reaction (CORR/CORR) to liquid products presents an enticing pathway to store intermittent renewable electricity. However, the selectivity for desirable high-value C products, such as -propanol, remains unsatisfactory in the CORR/CORR. Here, we report that *CO enrichment and proton regulation cooperatively enhance C-C coupling by increasing CO pressure and utilizing proton sponge modification, promoting the production of -propanol over a Cu/Cu nanosheet catalyst in the CORR.

Nepenthes chitinase NkChit2b- 1 confers broad-spectrum resistance to chitin-containing pathogens and insects in plants.

Chitinases play critical roles in plant-pathogen/insect interactions by degrading chitin, a key structural component of fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons. However, current research lacks comprehensive studies on the broad-spectrum disease resistance of chitinases, and novel chitinases with higher enzymatic activity remain underexplored. Here, we report the prokaryotic expression and functional characterization of Nepenthes khasiana-derived chitinase NkChit2b-1, demonstrating its capacity to confer broad-spectrum resistance against chitin-containing phytopathogenic fungi and insect pests.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 alters the proportions of B cell subpopulations in the microenvironment of acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common leukemia in adults, exhibits immune escape characteristics like solid tumors. The expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a well-recognized immune checkpoint, has been detected in AML blast cells and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Although an imbalance of B cell subpopulations exists in AML patients' bone marrow microenvironment, the role of B cells and their interaction with IDO1 in AML have yet to be elucidated.

Differences in response to immunotherapy drugs including blinatumomab and inotuzumab ozogamicin in B-ALL patients.

The treatment of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has undoubtedly transitioned into the immunotherapy era. We conducted a retrospective study on B-ALL immunotherapy, especially regimens including blinatumomab (Blina) and inotuzumab ozogamicin (InO), at our center. A total of 21 B-ALL patients were involved in this study, including 18 with newly diagnosed (ND) B-ALL and 3 with relapsed B-ALL.

A Raman spectroscopy algorithm based on convolutional neural networks and multilayer perceptrons: qualitative and quantitative analyses of chemical warfare agent simulants.

Rapid and reliable detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is essential for military defense and counter-terrorism operations. Although Raman spectroscopy provides a non-destructive method for on-site detection, existing methods show difficulty in coping with complex spectral overlap and concentration changes when analyzing mixtures containing trace components and highly complex mixtures. Based on the idea of convolutional neural networks and multi-layer perceptrons, this study proposes a qualitative and quantitative analysis algorithm of Raman spectroscopy based on deep learning (RS-MLP).

Spectral Analysis for Photon Emission of Rare-Earth Ions in Single Plasmonic Hot Spot.

Rare earth ion luminescent materials have attracted extensive attention due to their wide applications in biochemical sensing and bioimaging. However, the low quantum yield and weak luminescence intensity have restricted their further development. Realizing the modulation of rare-earth ions' emission behavior has become a hot topic in the interdisciplinary fields of materials and chemometrics.

Synthesis of [60]fullerene-fused dihydroindolizines copper-catalyzed dearomative -heteroannulation.

A novel copper-catalyzed approach for the construction of [60]fullerene-fused dihydroindolizine derivatives has been developed through dearomative -heteroannulation of [60]fullerene with electron-withdrawing group-substituted 2-picolines. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed. Additionally, a representative fullerene product can be applied in organic solar cells as the third component.