Effect of peri-operative pharmacological interventions on postoperative delirium in patients having cardiac surgery: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.

Introduction: Postoperative delirium is a common complication following cardiac surgery. Despite its known impact on patient outcomes, effective preventative strategies remain elusive. We aimed to perform a comprehensive Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials assessing the effect of pharmacological interventions on the incidence of postoperative delirium.

Miconazole attenuates LPS-induced lung inflammation by modulating alveolar macrophage polarization via promoting lipid metabolic reprogramming.

Objective: Pulmonary inflammation is closely associated with macrophage polarization and lipid metabolic reprogramming. Miconazole (MCZ), traditionally used as an antifungal agent, exhibits emerging anti-inflammatory potential, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods: A mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation was employed to evaluate MCZ's anti-inflammatory efficacy.

Liver-specific expression of ANGPTL8 promotes Alzheimer's disease progression through activating microglial pyroptosis.

Introduction: Liver dysfunction contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, and evidence suggests that the liver is involved in amyloid β (Aβ) clearance, and regulates Aβ deposition in the brain. However, the specific regulatory mechanism remains elusive.

Objectives: Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8), a high expression of liver-specific secreted proinflammatory factor, crosses the blood‒brain barrier from the bloodstream to abnormally activate microglia and promote AD progression.

Effect of perioperative autonomic nervous system imbalance on surgical outcomes: a systematic review.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is essential for maintaining physiological homeostasis. Autonomic nervous system imbalance, characterised by sympathetic hyperactivation and low parasympathetic tone, can occur during the perioperative period. These changes drive systemic stress responses, cardiovascular instability, impaired tissue repair, and immunosuppression, which in turn increase infection risk, neurocognitive decline, and multiorgan dysfunction.

CircITSN1/EIF4A3/Itsn1 axis mediates postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice: A novel mechanism and therapeutic target.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable noncoding RNAs that play a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases, and they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). However, their underlying molecular mechanisms in POCD remain poorly understood. This study identified hsa_circRNA_061570 as significantly upregulated in plasma after anesthesia/surgery using high-throughput circRNA microarray screening, correlating with cognitive decline.

Association between general anesthesia combined with peripheral nerve blocks versus neuraxial anesthesia without nerve blocks for high-risk isolated distal deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty: a historical cohort study.

Purpose: General anesthesia combined with peripheral nerve blocks has become a common anesthesia regimen for knee replacement surgery. Its association with high-risk isolated distal deep venous thrombosis (IDDVT) remains uncertain.

Methods: In this cohort study, we obtained consecutive data from the electronic inpatient records of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, including adults who underwent knee arthroplasty from 1 September 2019 to 31 August 2021.

Exposure to the prenatal enriched environment alters maternal gut microbiota and promotes embryonic neurodevelopment via activating the AHR-Src pathway.

The signals from the maternal environment play pivotal roles in regulating fetal neurodevelopment. Postnatal enriched environment (EE) exposure promotes neurogenesis and neurodevelopment. However, the roles of prenatal EE on fetal neurodevelopment and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.

Tacrolimus or Mycophenolate Mofetil for Frequently Relapsing or Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Both tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) are recommended for children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). However, their comparative effectiveness and safety have not been evaluated through randomized clinical trials.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of TAC and MMF in children with FRNS or SDNS.

Obesity-associated reduction of miR-150-5p in extracellular vesicles promotes ventilator-induced lung injury by modulating the lysosomal degradation of VE-cadherin.

Obese patient has a high risk of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) but its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study was designed to explore the role of circulating plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) on the progression of VILI in the context of obesity. After high tidal volume mechanical ventilation, mice treated with plasma EVs from obese patients developed more severe lung damage than mice treated with plasma EVs from normal controls.

Decreased excitatory and increased inhibitory transmission in the hippocampal CA1 drive neuroinflammation-induced cognitive impairments in mice.

Neuroinflammation is one of crucial pathogenic mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. These diseases or conditions are often accompanied by typical clinical manifestations of cognitive impairments, including impaired learning and memory but underlying mechanisms are unknown. Hence, effective treatments are not available.

Age-associated reduction in ER-Mitochondrial contacts impairs mitochondrial lipid metabolism and autophagosome formation in the heart.

The accumulation of dysfunctional giant mitochondria is a hallmark of aged cardiomyocytes. This study investigated the core mechanism underlying this phenomenon, focusing on the disruption of mitochondrial lipid metabolism and its effects on mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy, using both naturally aging mouse models and etoposide-induced cellular senescence models. In aged cardiomyocytes, a reduction in endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial (ER-Mito) contacts impairs lipid transport and leads to insufficient synthesis of mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).

A Mitochondria-Targeted Dye for Investigating Mo Mineral Powder Induced Cytotoxicity through SIM Super-Resolution Imaging.

Heavy metal substances are known to do great harm to human beings. However, the mechanism of heavy-metal-induced toxicity at the cellular level is currently unclear. In this study, we developed a series of mitochondria-targeted fluorescence probes (KRhs) to explore the structural and environmental changes in mitochondria upon the treatment of molybdenum mineral powders by using SIM super-resolution imaging.

Photo-Biomodulation of the Hippocampus Using Near-Infrared Laser to Enhance Cognitive Function in Mice.

Photo-biomodulation (PBM) with near-infrared (NIR) laser emerges as a promising noninvasive therapy for enhancing cognitive function. Here the effects of PBM, equipped with an 808 nm NIR laser, on cognitive function are investigated when used to irradiate hippocampi of mice. NIR irradiation once a day for 5 min per day for 5 consecutive days significantly improves the learning and memory performance of naïve mice assessed with the Barnes and Y maze tests.

Sleep duration, chronotype, health and lifestyle factors affect cognition: a UK Biobank cross-sectional study.

Objective: To explore the nuanced relationship between sleep patterns, chronotype, quality and the influence of health and lifestyle factors on cognitive performance.

Design Setting Participants: This cross-sectional analysis used ordinary least squares regression within the UK Biobank database, assessing 26 820 participants aged 53-86 years, categorised into two cohorts: Cohort 1 (10 067 participants, 56% female; completed all four cognitive tests of Fluid Intelligence/reasoning, Pairs Matching, Reaction Time and Prospective Memory) and Cohort 2 (16 753 participants, 56% female; completed only two cognitive assessments of Pairs Matching and Reaction Time).

Exposures: Participant's self-reported sleep duration, chronotype and quality.

Brain Structural and Functional Changes Associated With Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorders: Research Update.

Postoperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are frequent and serious perioperative complications in the elderly, and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, length of hospital stay, and need for long-term care. At present, the pathogenesis of PND is not completely clear, and there are various risk factors including surgical trauma and stress mediating systemic inflammation towards neuroinflammation development which causes brain structural and functional changes namely PND. For elderly patients, perioperative neurological monitoring may provide insights into brain function status.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells derived IL-9 reduces macrophage apoptosis and attenuates acute lung injury in sepsis.

Background: Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are the main group of tissue-resident ILCs in the lungs, which protect airway barrier integrity following infection. Macrophages are integral to the regulation of immune homeostasis in sepsis. However, the relationship between ILC2 and macrophages in the context of sepsis induced acute lung injury remains uncertain.

Mettl3-mA-NPY axis governing neuron-microglia interaction regulates sleep amount of mice.

Sleep behavior is regulated by diverse mechanisms including genetics, neuromodulation and environmental signals. However, it remains completely unknown regarding the roles of epitranscriptomics in regulating sleep behavior. In the present study, we showed that the deficiency of RNA mA methyltransferase Mettl3 in excitatory neurons specifically induces microglia activation, neuroinflammation and neuronal loss in thalamus of mice.

General Anesthesia Combined With Quadratus Lumborum Block Reduces Emergence Delirium in Children After Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Emergency delirium (ED) is a common and serious postoperative complication, especially after pediatric surgery. Quadratus lumborum block (QLB) is a critical component of the multimodal, opioid-sparing analgesia regimens, which provide effective analgesia, reduce opioid consumption, and attenuate surgical stress response. Therefore, this trial was designed to validate the hypothesis that the adjunctive use of QLB reduces the incidence of ED after laparoscopic surgery in children.

Chronic stress induces depression through MDGA1-Neuroligin2 mediated suppression of inhibitory synapses in the lateral habenula.

The hyperactivity of lateral habenula (LHb) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, but the regulatory mechanisms of inhibitory synapses in this context remains unclear. MDGA1 and neuroligin2 (Nlgn2), both regulators of inhibitory synapses, selectively interact in the LHb. We aimed to investigate if their interaction contributes to chronic restrained stress (CRS)-induced depression by modulating inhibitory synapses.

Probiotics alleviate painful diabetic neuropathy by modulating the microbiota-gut-nerve axis in rats.

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Recent studies suggested that gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of PDN, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we found decreased probiotics generating bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains in the PDN rats.