Highly efficient gene editing of using CRISPR/Cas9 combined with FACS.

() is a major causative agent of feline viral rhinotracheitis and ocular lesions. Due to its large DNA genome, the construction of recombinant viruses presents considerable challenges for conventional methodologies. In this study, we implemented an integrated strategy combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to enable the rapid and efficient generation of recombinant viruses.

Biomimetic mineralization material RMCP enhanced immunogenicity of subunit vaccine against Clostridium perfringens infection in mice.

Subunit vaccines offer high biosafety but face limited immunogenicity. In this study, we utilized a biomimetic mineralization strategy, rhamnolipid-modified manganese-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles (RMCP), to enhance the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines based on-bacterial-like particle (BLPs). Subcutaneous administration of the developed vaccine, which is prepared by encapsulating BLP vaccine with RMCP (named RMCP@COB17) enhanced significantly elevated serum IgG antibody levels in mice, induced a Th1/Th2-balanced immune response, and promoted the secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-12.

Characterization of an enterococcal phage endolysin as a potential antimicrobial agent against Streptococcus suis.

Streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic pathogen capable of transmission from pigs to humans, represents a critical threat to both public health and the global pork industry. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. suis strains, coupled with their ability to form biofilms, has necessitated the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies.

Viroporins: emerging viral infection mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Viroporins, virus-encoded small hydrophobic proteins, are involved in critical steps of viral infections by modulating ion homeostasis, disrupting host membrane integrity, and orchestrating key stages of the virus life cycle-from entry and replication to release. Beyond facilitating viral propagation, these pore-forming proteins exacerbate pathogenesis by disrupting cellular ion homeostasis and triggering proinflammatory responses through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Their dual role in viral fitness and immunopathology positions viroporins as promising antiviral targets for dual-action therapeutics: suppressing replication while attenuating inflammation.

Effects of 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D on the immune response in chicken embryo fibroblast cells infected by infectious bronchitis virus.

In addition to its nutritional role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, vitamin D also possesses immunoregulatory effects. Herein, we used chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEFs) to study the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D) on the immune response induced by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection. We observed the inhibition to virus proliferation in the cells by adding 10 nM 1,25(OH)D.

Chicken NLRP3 monoclonal antibody development and its antigenic epitope identification.

Inflammation is key important pathogenic response that occurs in several poultry diseases. NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome plays a central role in initiating inflammation. However, the lack of antibodies against chicken-derived inflammatory factors presents a major bottleneck in related studies.

Development and Immunogenic Evaluation of a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Nipah Virus F and G Glycoproteins.

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic bat-borne zoonotic pathogen that poses a significant threat to human and animal health, with fatality rates exceeding 70% in some outbreaks. Despite its significant public health impact, there are currently no licensed vaccines or specific therapeutics available. Various virological tools-such as reverse genetics systems, replicon particles, VSV-based pseudoviruses, and recombinant Cedar virus chimeras-have been widely used to study the molecular mechanisms of NiV and to support vaccine development.

A Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter Is Critical for the Metabolism and Biogenesis of the Apicoplast.

The apicoplast is a highly specialized organelle in the biosynthesis of essential metabolites in most of the apicomplexan protozoa. This organelle is surrounded by four layers of membranes. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating transmembrane transport are not yet fully understood.

Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Swine Livers and Feces in Heilongjiang, Northeastern China.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen capable of both human-to-human and animal-to-human transmission. However, limited data are available regarding HEV infections in pigs in Heilongjiang Province, China. To investigate the prevalence of HEV in pigs in this region, liver samples from diseased or deceased pigs and fecal samples from healthy pigs were collected and analyzed.

Organoids: physiologically relevant models for viral disease research.

Viral diseases pose serious threats to human health, resulting in substantial economic losses. However, traditional disease models often fail to capture the full complexity of viral pathogenesis. Pluripotent and tissue stem cell-derived organoids help bridge this gap by closely mimicking the structure and function of native organs, thereby enabling new breakthroughs in studying viral pathogenesis.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity Based on Sequences of Feline Calicivirus Strains Isolated in China.

In recent years, feline calicivirus (FCV) has caused increasingly severe harm in China, posing a significant threat to feline health. However, our understanding of the complex epidemiology and genetic diversity of FCV in China remains limited. In this study, we integrated various bioinformatics methods and used isolates from China as the primary research subjects.

Pathogen purification and genetic characterization of SPF BWEL chicken population.

Specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens are crucial biological resources for fundamental research and industrial development in biomedicine, pharmaceutical sciences, and disease prevention and control. China achieved a significant milestone in 2000 by establishing its first independently developed SPF BWEL chicken population with proprietary intellectual property rights. During SPF chicken population development, rigorous quality control of microorganism, genetics, and environment are crucial for maintaining research-grade standards.

Development and application of a NP-cELISA for the detection of nucleoprotein antibodies of equine influenza virus.

Unlabelled: Equine influenza (EI), caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV), is an acute respiratory disease that has become enzootic worldwide, resulting in frequent outbreaks and substantial economic losses within the equine industry. In this study, we developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NP-cELISA) for the detection of antibodies against the EIV nucleoprotein (NP). The assay was designed by coating plates with purified monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the NP protein, followed by simultaneous incubation of the test serum samples and HRP-NP antigen in a competitive binding reaction.

Immune organoids: emerging platforms for modeling and analyzing human adaptive immunity.

The rapid advancement of vaccines and immunotherapies has significantly improved public health. However, a significant translational gap remains between basic research and clinical application, largely attributed to the disconnect between studies and models. To bridge this gap, models of immune organs, including bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils, have emerged as a promising solution.

A novel YGGT family protein is localized in the apicoplast and is essential for the organelle inheritance.

is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite. Most apicomplexan parasites contain an endosymbiont-derived organelle called the apicoplast. This organelle is critical for the survival of parasites because it plays a role in several essential metabolic pathways.

GP2a I118 and GP4 D43 play critical roles in the attachment of PRRSV to the CD163 receptor: implications for anti-PRRSV infection targets.

Unlabelled: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Numerous modified live vaccines (MLVs) against PRRSV have been developed through the serial passage of wild-type parental strains in Marc-145 cells. However, the infectivity of these MLVs toward their primary target cell , porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM), is markedly reduced.

H5N1 virus invades the mammary glands of dairy cattle through 'mouth-to-teat' transmission.

H5N1 influenza outbreaks have been reported on more than 1070 dairy farms across 17 states in the USA. Damage to the mammary gland and high levels of virus in milk were common features of the infected cattle, but it is unclear how the virus initially invades the mammary glands, and no control strategy is currently available. Here, we found that cattle oral tissues support H5N1 virus binding and replication, and virus replicating in the mouth of cattle transmitted to the mammary glands of dairy cattle during sucking.

Development of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to differentiate the predominant epidemic novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) from very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV).

Chicken infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, lethal, and immunosuppressive disease caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The newly emerged novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) and the continuously circulating very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) are the two predominant epidemic strains that pose a threat to the poultry industry in several countries, including China. However, on-site rapid detection methods for distinguishing nVarIBDV from vvIBDV remain lacking.

Identification of a heparin-binding protein encoded by gene in .

is a highly infectious pathogenic microorganism that causes various clinical signs in cattle, including pneumonia, arthritis, and mastitis, often resulting in significant economic losses. The adhesion of to host cells is a pivotal step in the infection process, which is a complex process involving multiple pathogenic and host proteins. Molecules involved in adhesion and colonization are widely recognized as important virulence factors and often implicated in the infection and pathogenesis.

Short-chain fatty acids: key antiviral mediators of gut microbiota.

The effects of gut microbiota on antiviral immunity have been well-documented in recent years, whereas a mechanistic understanding of microbiota-derived metabolite-related signaling pathways is still lacking. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), key metabolites produced by gut bacterial microbiota dietary fiber fermentation and amino acid metabolism, have been shown to facilitate host antiviral responses. In this review, we summarized the detailed mechanisms which could contribute to the regulation of antiviral immunity engaged and initiated by SCFAs, involving G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated, histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated, and metabolic pathways.

Recombinant CA Protein-Based ELISA for Serological Detection of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Antibodies.

Maedi-visna (MV) and caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) are important viral diseases of sheep and goats. The diseases are caused by a group of genetically closely related lentiviruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), and are collectively referred to as SRLV infections. As the majority of sheep and goats infected with SRLV are asymptomatic, the disease is often overlooked.

Computational exploration and molecular dynamics simulations for investigating the potential inhibitory mechanism of amantadine on the ion channel activity of bovine viral diarrhea virus p7.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) p7 functions as a viroporin for the ion balance and membrane permeabilization. Blocking the function of the viroporin is a promising strategy for the treatment of viral infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that the antiviral drug amantadine inhibits BVDV replication by inhibiting BVDV p7 activity.

Recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing the consensus VP2 protein of porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) protects pigs against pseudorabies virus and PPV1.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine parvovirus type 1 (PPV1) are major pathogens that cause reproductive disorders in sows, and mixed infections are frequently detected on pig farms. In this study, a recombinant PRV (rPRV-VP2) based on a PRV variant (HLJ8) was constructed to express the PPV1 VP2 protein. To ensure safety, four virulence genes (TK, gE, gI, and UL39) of PRV HLJ8 were deleted, followed by further evaluation of safety and immunogenicity in piglets.

Nsp2 replicase-mediated viral uncoating in porcine alveolar macrophages contributes to the attenuation of PRRSV-2 live attenuated vaccine.

Type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV-2) poses a major threat to global swine production. While live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) remain the most effective countermeasure, the molecular mechanisms underlying PRRSV-2 attenuation remain enigmatic. Here, we reveal that PRRSV-2 LAVs exhibit impaired replication in their primary cellular targets-porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), with viral uncoating defects being the critical replication barrier.