Comprehensive review of macrophage models: primary cells and immortalized lines across species.

In order to preserve homeostasis, macrophages-phagocytic innate immune cells-interact with different tissue types, modulating immunological responses and secreting a variety of cytokines. They are extensively dispersed throughout the body's tissues and organs. Based on their developmental origins, tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) in humans can be classified into those of embryonic origin and those derived from bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs); embryonically derived macrophages emerge during early development, possess self-renewal capacity, and persist into adulthood in specific tissues such as microglia in the brain and Kupffer cells in the liver, whereas BMDMs originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow via monocytic differentiation, infiltrate tissues during inflammation or injury, and differentiate into macrophages that transiently reside in tissues but lack self-renewal capability, thus requiring continuous replenishment.

Evidence for Semantic Communication in Alarm Calls of Wild Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys.

The alarm calls of non-human primates help us to understand the evolution of animal vocal communication and the origin of human language. However, as there is a lack of research on alarm calls in primates living in multilevel societies, we studied these calls in wild Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys. By means of playback experiments, we analyzed whether call receivers understood the meaning of the alarm calls, making appropriate behavioral responses.

Lateral approach for total knee arthroplasty in patients with valgus deformity: A step-by-step surgical technique.

Background: The lateral approach in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is indicated primarily for patients with valgus knee deformity, as it allows direct access to the lateral anatomy and systematic correction of associated pathologies.

Surgical Technique: This technique involves strategic lateral soft tissue releases, which improve exposure to the posterolateral corner, enhance tibial rotation, and support patellar alignment without compromising medial vascularity or requiring a tibial tubercle osteotomy for joint exposure. Critical steps in the lateral TKA approach include maintaining a capsular-synovial overlap and preserving the Hoffa fat pad for optimal joint closure, releasing the lateral soft-tissue structures, and using a contralateral tibial cutting guide for enhanced access and protection of the patellar tendon.

Characterizing the relationship between FLAIR hyper-rim lesions and paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis.

Paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs), identified using susceptibility-sensitive sequences, are established prognostic imaging markers for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, susceptibility-sensitive sequences are not yet routinely performed in many clinical centers. We aim to investigate an imaging feature observed on conventional T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, termed "FLAIR hyper-rim", and explore its association with PRLs.

Development of a high-efficiency N-acetylneuraminic acid production platform through multi-pathway synergistic engineering.

The growing demand for N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) has driven the need for efficient and environmentally sustainable biomanufacturing processes. Microbial fermentation offers a promising route, yet optimizing cell factories with excellent phenotypes remains challenging. Here, we engineered Escherichia coli to enable high-efficiency co-utilization of glucose and glycerol.

Accelerated biological aging among chemical plant workers.

Background: Whether occupational exposures to different chemicals are linked to biological aging remains unclear. We aimed to examine the associations between four occupational chemical exposures-coke oven emissions (COEs), benzene, methanol, or coal dust-and accelerated biological aging in workers.

Methods: We recruited 2621 workers from a chemical plant in Pingdingshan, Henan, China.

Multimodal assessment of a BCI system for stroke rehabilitation integrating motor imagery and motor attempts: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology based on motor imagery (MI) or motor attempt (MA) has shown promise in enhancing motor function recovery in stroke patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of BCI-based rehabilitation in improving motor function through multimodal assessment, and to explore the potential neuroplastic changes resulting from this intervention.

Methods: We conducted a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial with multimodal assessment to evaluate the efficacy of a BCI system for enhancing motor recovery.

Risk factors of methicillin-resistant colonization in the nasal cavity of people living with HIV: a cross-sectional study from Dongyang hospital, Zhejiang Province.

Objective: To investigate the distribution characteristics of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) infection in people living with HIV (PLWH), to analyse the risk factors of MRSA colonisation in the nasopharynx of PLWH, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of hospital-acquired MRSA infection in PLWH.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional research design to analyse 1,100 PLWH attending the AIDS outpatient clinic of the People's Hospital of Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province, from January 2022 to December 2024. Nasal swabs were collected with informed consent, and epidemiological information was collected via questionnaire.

Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, and Establishment of 3D-QSAR Model of Heterocyclic Substituted Diaminothiourea Derivatives.

Five 1-heterocyclic substituted diaminothiourea compounds (1a-e) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) (ESI). Compound 1d with the highest antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum (EC = 25.791 mg/L) was reacted with substituted 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde to obtain seven 1,5-heterocyclic substituted diaminothiourea compounds (2a-g).

The G-branch off-the-shelf mixed branch endograft for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm: 1-year results from a prospective multicenter study.

Background: The use of off-the-shelf multi-branched endografts for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) is increasing; however, these commercially available devices have limited anatomical feasibility for treating TAAA. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel G-branch off-the-shelf endograft for TAAA.

Materials And Methods: A total of 73 patients with TAAA were treated using the G-branch endograft at 14 sites across China.

Airway microbiota and immunity associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity.

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation and chronic inflammation. Although airway microbes and host immunity are known contributors, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease severity remain unclear. This study explores microbial dysbiosis and host immune responses across varying COPD severities.

Detachable coils and glue embolization for hemoptysis secondary to anomalous systemic arterial supply to the left lower lobe: a case report and literature review.

Anomalous systemic arterial supply to the left lower lobe (ASALLL) is a rare congenital vascular malformation. It predominantly occurs in young and middle-aged adults, often presenting with recurrent hemoptysis of unknown etiology. The condition has a high clinical misdiagnosis rate, and its optimal treatment remains controversial.

An Ultrasonic Microrobot Enabling Ultrafast Bidirectional Navigation in Confined Tubular Environments.

Pipelines are extensively used in environments such as nuclear power plants, chemical factories, and medical devices to transport gases and liquids. These tubular environments often feature complex geometries, confined spaces, and millimeter-scale height restrictions, presenting significant challenges to conventional inspection methods. Here, we present an ultrasonic microrobot (weight, 80 mg; dimensions, 24 mm × 7 mm; thickness, 210 μm) to realize agile and bidirectional navigation in narrow pipelines.

Total Synthesis of Verlamelin A and (5)-Verlamelin A with Antifungal Activity.

Verlamelin A is a naturally occurring macrocyclic depsipeptide exhibiting high and broad-spectrum antifungal activity. The first unified total synthesis of verlamelin A and its (5)-verlamelin A (C5-epimer) is reported. This strategy involved homogeneous solution-phase synthesis of Fmoc-l-Val-O-(5/5)-tetradecanoic acid, solid-phase peptide synthesis of pentapeptide NH-d-allo-Thr-d-Ala-l-Pro-l-Gln-d-Tyr-OH, on-resin coupling of these two fragments to form a linear precursor , and off-resin cyclization followed by global deprotection to generate the final verlamelin A and (5)-verlamelin A in 6.

Multilayer Graphene Based MRI Compatible MEMS Neural Probes for both Stimulation and Recording.

MRI compatible MEMS neural probes are critical for advancing functional neuroimaging and elucidating brain network dynamics, yet conventional metallic implants distort magnetic fields, generate artifacts, and pose thermal risks during MRI. Here, a metal-free neural probe based on multilayer graphene (MLG), fabricated via a scalable, low-temperature spin-spray deposition and co-curing process that directly bonds MLG to flexible polyimide substrates is presented. The MLG neural probe's intrinsic roughness enhances electrochemical performance, achieving a charge storage capacity (14.

Sex-specific metabolic and central effects of GLP-1-estradiol conjugate in middle-aged rats on a standard or western diet.

Middle age represents a critical window for metabolic and cognitive health, particularly in the context of rising obesity and diabetes rates. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies, which regulate blood glucose and body weight, show sex-specific effects, with estradiol potentiating their metabolic benefits. However, research on GLP-1's cognitive and neuroprotective roles has largely been conducted in males.

Emotional stress: a prominent factor positively related to the onset and recurrence of bladder cancer as revealed by NHANES and a Chinese database.

Background And Objective: Bladder cancer and emotional stress are both common physiologic problems, with few published studies and a lack of studies with large samples discussing their association. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between bladder cancer and emotional stress.

Research Methods: We used data from the U.

Peri-implant diseases triggered by oral microdysbiosis: pathogenesis and precision intervention strategies.

Peri-implant disease is a chronic infection-induced inflammation condition affecting tissues around dental implants, categorized into peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Oral microbial dysbiosis plays an important role in this disease. Currently, researchers face three challenges in establishing the pathogenic link between peri-implant disease and microdysbiosis: (1) elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms; (2) Clarifying causal links between host and microbiome; and (3) Identifying secondary microbial changes during disease progression.

Fucoidan reduces the occurrence of Benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung cancer by alleviating the abnormal changes of club stem cells.

This study aimed to elucidate the anticancer mechanism of Fucoidan (FCD) in Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced lung cancer, especially its effect on club stem cells. C57BL/6 wild-type mice received intratracheal instillations of B(a)P (1 mg/mouse) weekly for 4 consecutive weeks to establish an animal model of lung cancer. FCD interventions were administered ad libitum via drinking water.

Subvoxel quantitative susceptibility mapping of chronic white matter lesions: Enhancing lesion heterogeneity characterization and providing complementary biomarkers for myelin integrity in multiple sclerosis.

Objectives: Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has been used to classify chronic white matter lesions (WMLs) in multiple sclerosis (MS), which exhibit varying myelin and iron content. Compared to QSM, subvoxel-QSM can further differentiate susceptibility alterations arising from demyelination and iron accumulation. This study aims to evaluate the performance of subvoxel-QSM in classifying chronic WMLs in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and explore their heterogeneity.

The involvement of caspase-8-3 in cleavaging caspase-3 and immune response of oyster Crassostrea gigas.

The caspase family play a crucial role in both apoptosis signaling and immune response. In the present study, a caspase-8 was identified from Crassostrea gigas (designed as CgCaspase-8-3), which contained two tandem death effector domains (DEDs) and a CASc domain, as well as conserved cysteine active site motif "QACQG". CgCaspase-8-3 was initially clustered with molluscan Caspase-8 homologs, and subsequently grouped with vertebrate sequences, while maintaining a relatively distant phylogenetic relationship from the mammalian clade.

Evaluating the performance of four anti-dsDNA antibody detection methods.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the concordance of four anti-dsDNA antibody detection methods-Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence test (CLIFT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), acridine ester direct chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), and digital liquid chip method (DLCM)-and to assess their diagnostic efficacy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.MethodsA total of 285 serum samples were collected, including 170 SLE patients, 39 with non-SLE autoimmune diseases (AIDs), 28 with non-AIDs, and 48 undiagnosed cases. The concordance and diagnostic performance of anti-dsDNA antibody methods were analyzed.

Aloe-emodin provides dual protection against largemouth bass virus via antiviral activity and host immune enhancement.

Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is a common pathogen in aquaculture, and with no approved therapies to curb its transmission or mortality, it has caused substantial economic losses to the largemouth bass farming industry. Here, we demonstrate that aloe-emodin (AE), a natural anthraquinone, exhibits potent antiviral activity against LMBV in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, AE (10 mg/L) suppressed viral replication by 91.

Breaking the Efficiency-Transparency Compromise in Semitransparent Solar Cells by Optimizing the Perovskite/C Interface.

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) are emerging as promising candidates for tandem architectures and building integrated photovoltaics. However, their development is constrained by a large open-circuit voltage () loss suffered from severe interfacial nonradiative recombination. Here, we propose surface molecular engineering employing tyramine hydrochloride (TACl) at the perovskite/C interface to concurrently passivate interfacial defects and optimize the energy-level alignment.