Macular Atrophic versus Subretinal Proliferative Changes in Myopic and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The 2-Continent Eye Study.

Objective: To assess the prevalences of subfoveal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) loss versus subfoveal tissue proliferation as causes of vision loss in patients with late-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or myopic macular atrophy.

Design: Population-based studies conducted in Russia, China, and India and histological examination of enucleated human globes.

Participants: The Russian Ural Eye and Medical Study ( = 5899 participants; age: ≥40 years), Ural Very Old Study ( = 1526; age: 85+ years), Beijing Eye Study ( = 3468; age: ≥40 years), and Central India Eye and Medical Study ( = 4711) were conducted in rural and urban regions in Bashkortostan/Russia, Beijing/China, and Nagpur/India, respectively.

An eyecare foundation model for clinical assistance: a randomized controlled trial.

In the context of an increasing need for clinical assessments of foundation models, we developed EyeFM, a multimodal vision-language eyecare copilot, and conducted a multifaceted evaluation, including retrospective validations, multicountry efficacy validation as a clinical copilot and a double-masked randomized controlled trial (RCT). EyeFM was pretrained on 14.5 million ocular images from five imaging modalities paired with clinical texts from global, multiethnic datasets.

Multi-ancestry polygenic risk scores for the prediction of type 2 diabetes and complications in diverse ancestries.

Background: Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) improve type 2 diabetes (T2D) prediction beyond clinical risk factors but perform poorly in non-European populations, where T2D burden is often higher, undermining their global clinical utility.

Methods: We conducted the largest global effort to date to harmonize T2D genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses across five ancestries-European (EUR), African/African American (AFR), Admixed American (AMR), South Asian (SAS), and East Asian (EAS)-including 360,000 T2D cases and 1·8 million controls (41% non-EUR). We constructed ancestry-specific and multi-ancestry PRSs in training datasets including 11,000 T2D cases and 32,000 controls, and validated their performance in independent datasets including 39,000 T2D cases and 126,000 controls of diverse ancestries.

Polygenic prediction of body mass index and obesity through the life course and across ancestries.

Polygenic scores (PGSs) for body mass index (BMI) may guide early prevention and targeted treatment of obesity. Using genetic data from up to 5.1 million people (4.

Gaze-Induced Optic Nerve Head Deformations Are Greater in High Myopia and Strains Increase With Axial Length.

Purpose: To investigate optic nerve head (ONH) deformations caused by horizontal eye movements in high myopia (HM) using in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and finite-element (FE) modeling, and to identify factors influencing these deformations.

Methods: A total of 28 HM eyes and 28 non-HM eyes were imaged at baseline, 20° adduction, and 20° abduction positions using OCT. Lamina cribrosa (LC) effective strains were quantified using a three-dimensional tracking algorithm.

Myopia and high myopia trends in Chinese children and adolescents over 25 years: a nationwide study with projections to 2050.

Background: The global rise in myopia, particularly in Asia, presents significant public health challenges. Analyzing trends and forecasting impacts are critical for developing strategies to mitigate this burden.

Methods: We conducted the largest study to date on myopia and high myopia prevalence in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years, analyzing data from 5,095,256 individuals across 119 studies from 1998 to 2022.

Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-Like Structures: Prevalence and Associations in the Adult Population of the Beijing Eye Study.

Purpose: To assess prevalence and associations of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) on optical coherence tomographic images in a general adult population.

Methods: Participants in the population-based Beijing Eye Study underwent ocular and systemic examinations. Using optical coherence tomographic optic nerve head images, we assessed presence and location of PHOMS.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses incorporating SNP-by-psychosocial interactions identify novel loci for serum lipids.

Serum lipid levels, which are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, are key determinants of cardiometabolic health and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Improving our understanding of their underlying biological mechanisms can have important public health and therapeutic implications. Although psychosocial factors, including depression, anxiety, and perceived social support, are associated with serum lipid levels, it is unknown if they modify the effect of genetic loci that influence lipids.

Relationship of Choroidal Thickness With Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Asians: An Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: To compare the choroidal thickness (CT) of participants with various stages of age-related macular degeneration vs. normal controls through a meta-analysis of studies conducted within the Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium.

Methods: Eight population-based studies from China, Iran, Japan, and Singapore were included.

A deep learning system for detecting silent brain infarction and predicting stroke risk.

Current brain imaging to detect silent brain infarctions (SBIs) is not feasible for the general population. Here, to overcome this challenge, we developed a retinal image-based deep learning system, DeepRETStroke, to detect SBI and refine stroke risk. We use 895,640 retinal photographs to pretrain the DeepRETStroke system, which encodes a domain-specific foundation model for representing eye-brain connections.

Effective refractive error coverage in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of updated estimates from population-based surveys in 76 countries modelling the path towards the 2030 global target.

Background: In 2024, WHO included effective refractive error coverage (eREC) into the results framework of the 14th General Programme of Work, which sets a road map for global health and guides WHO's work between 2025 and 2028. eREC is a measure of both the availability and quality of refractive correction in a population. This study aimed to model global and regional estimates of eREC as of 2023 and evaluate progress towards the WHO global target of a 40 percentage-point absolute increase in eREC by 2030.

Large language model comparisons between English and Chinese query performance for cardiovascular prevention.

Background: Large language model (LLM) offer promise in addressing layperson queries related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. However, the accuracy and consistency of information provided by current general LLMs remain unclear.

Methods: We evaluated capabilities of BARD (Google's bidirectional language model for semantic understanding), ChatGPT-3.

Macular ridges: Prevalence and associated factors-The Beijing Eye Study.

Purpose: To explore the prevalence and associated factors of macular ridges in a population-based study sample.

Methods: From the participants of the population-based Beijing Eye Study (n = 3468), we included all eyes with an axial length of ≥25 mm and a randomized sample of the remaining myopic eyes. Using optical coherence tomographic images, we assessed the prevalence and height of macular ridges, defined as an elevation of the foveal region in one meridian.

The hyperopia reserve in 3- to 6- years-old preschool children in North China: the Beijing hyperopia reserve research.

Clinical Relevance: In recent years, the concept of hyperopia reserve, defined as a physiological hyperopic refractive status preceding emmetropia and myopia, has gained increasing attention. and raised awareness about myopia. This concept has become of interest to both parents and practitioners.

Can off-the-shelf visual large language models detect and diagnose ocular diseases from retinal photographs?

Background: The advent of generative artificial intelligence has led to the emergence of multiple vision large language models (VLLMs). This study aimed to evaluate the capabilities of commonly available VLLMs, such as OpenAI's GPT-4V and Google's Gemini, in detecting and diagnosing ocular diseases from retinal images.

Methods And Analysis: From the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases (SEED) study, we selected 44 representative retinal photographs, including 10 healthy and 34 representing six eye diseases (age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, visually significant cataract, myopic macular degeneration and retinal vein occlusion).

Posterior Eye Curvature as a Biomarker for Differentiating Pathologic Myopia From High Myopia.

Purpose: To characterize posterior eye curvature and to assess its diagnostic performance in differentiating pathologic myopia (PM) from simple high myopia (SHM).

Design: Population-based, cross-sectional study.

Participants: A total of 790 eyes from 790 participants (mean age: 60.

Artificial intelligence-enhanced retinal imaging as a biomarker for systemic diseases.

Retinal images provide a non-invasive and accessible means to directly visualize human blood vessels and nerve fibers. Growing studies have investigated the intricate microvascular and neural circuitry within the retina, its interactions with other systemic vascular and nervous systems, and the link between retinal biomarkers and various systemic diseases. Using the eye to study systemic health, based on these connections, has been given a term as oculomics.

Associations of fundus tessellation, myopic diffuse chorioretinal atrophy and choroidal thickness with visual acuity in myopia.

Purpose: To explore associations between stages of myopic macular degeneration (MMD) and visual acuity and influencing parameters.

Methods: Participants of the population-based study Beijing Eye Study (n = 3468 participants) underwent a detailed ocular and systemic examination.

Results: Assessable images were available for 3040 (87.

A Large-Scale Genome-wide Association Study of Blood Pressure Accounting for Gene-Depressive Symptomatology Interactions in 564,680 Individuals from Diverse Populations.

Background: Gene-environment interactions may enhance our understanding of hypertension. Our previous study highlighted the importance of considering psychosocial factors in gene discovery for blood pressure (BP) but was limited in statistical power and population diversity. To address these challenges, we conducted a multi-population genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BP accounting for gene-depressive symptomatology (DEPR) interactions in a larger and more diverse sample.

Reexamine the link between retinal layer thickness and cognitive function after correction of axial length: the Beijing Eye Study 2011.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between retinal layer thickness and cognitive function in elderly Chinese, accounting for the influence of axial length.

Methods: The participants of the Beijing Eye Study 2011 which is a population-based cross-sectional study without any retinal or optic nerve disease underwent a series of ocular examinations including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina. Using a multiple-surface OCT segmentation algorithm, the retina was automatically segmented into 9 layers.

Large language models for diabetes training: a prospective study.

Diabetes poses a considerable global health challenge, with varying levels of diabetes knowledge among healthcare professionals, highlighting the importance of diabetes training. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide new insights into diabetes training, but their performance in diabetes-related queries remains uncertain, especially outside the English language like Chinese. We first evaluated the performance of ten LLMs: ChatGPT-3.

Deep Imbalanced Regression Model for Predicting Refractive Error from Retinal Photos.

Purpose: Recent studies utilized ocular images and deep learning (DL) to predict refractive error and yielded notable results. However, most studies did not address biases from imbalanced datasets or conduct external validations. To address these gaps, this study aimed to integrate the deep imbalanced regression (DIR) technique into ResNet and Vision Transformer models to predict refractive error from retinal photographs.

Ciliary muscle traction during accommodation is able to induce optic nerve head deformation.

Objectives: To use finite element (FE) modeling and in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to explore the effect of ciliary muscle traction on optic nerve head (ONH) deformation during accommodation.

Methods: We developed a FE model to mimic the ciliary muscle traction during accommodation, and varied the stiffness of the sclera, choroid, Bruch's membrane (BM), prelaminar neural tissue and lamina cribrosa (LC) to assess their effects on accommodation-induced ONH strains. To validate the FE model, OCT images of the right eyes' ONHs from 20 subjects (25 ± 1.

[Clinical comprehensive evaluation of Jiangzhi Tongluo Soft Capsules for treating hyperlipidemia (syndrome of blood stasis and Qi stagnation)].

This study provides a systematic review of existing evidence concerning the efficacy of Jiangzhi Tongluo Soft Capsules(JTSC) in treating hyperlipidemia(syndrome of blood stasis and Qi stagnation), following the Guidelines for clinical evidence and value assessment of drugs. The qualitative and quantitative methods were integrated, including questionnaire surveys, evidence-based medicine, and pharmacoeconomic evaluation. Multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA) model was used for comprehensive assessment of the clinical evidence and value of JTSC for hyperlipidemia in "6+1" dimensions: safety, effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, innovation, suitability, accessibility, and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) characteristics.