Physics-Based Spatial Oversampling of TROPOMI NO Observations to US Neighborhoods Reveals the Disparities of Air Pollution.

Satellite observations provide continuous and global coverage observations of air pollutants, widely used to inform health impacts and air pollution disparities. Linking satellite retrievals with socioeconomic or health data involves matching the irregularly shaped satellite observations with administrative units. Here, we develop a physics-based approach to spatially oversample nitrogen dioxide (NO) retrievals from TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) directly to United States (US) neighborhoods (i.

Evaluating Chemical Transport and Machine Learning Models for Wildfire Smoke PM: Implications for Assessment of Health Impacts.

Growing wildfire smoke represents a substantial threat to air quality and human health. However, the impact of wildfire smoke on human health remains imprecisely understood due to uncertainties in both the measurement of exposure of population to wildfire smoke and dose-response functions linking exposure to health. Here, we compare daily wildfire smoke-related surface fine particulate matter (PM) concentrations estimated using three approaches, including two chemical transport models (CTMs): GEOS-Chem and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) and one machine learning (ML) model over the contiguous US in 2020, a historically active fire year.

Obesity phenotype induced by high-fat diet promotes diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced precancerous lesions by M1 macrophage polarization in mice liver.

Liver precancerous lesions are the key to improving the efficacy of cancer treatment because of the extremely poor prognosis of HCC patients in moderate and late stages. Obesity-related HCC progression is closely related to the inflammatory microenvironment, in which macrophages are one of the major constituents. In the present study, we ask whether obesity promotes diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced precancerous lesions by M1 macrophage polarization.

Effusanin B Inhibits Lung Cancer by Prompting Apoptosis and Inhibiting Angiogenesis.

Cancer is one of the deadliest human diseases, causing high rates of illness and death. Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among all malignancies worldwide. Effusanin B, a diterpenoid derived from , showed therapeutic potential in treating non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Space-Based Observations of Ozone Precursors within California Wildfire Plumes and the Impacts on Ozone-NO-VOC Chemistry.

The frequency of wildfires in the western United States has escalated in recent decades. Here we examine the impacts of wildfires on ground-level ozone (O) precursors and the O-NO-VOC chemistry from the source to downwind urban areas. We use satellite retrievals of nitrogen dioxide (NO) and formaldehyde (HCHO, an indicator of VOC) from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to track the evolution of O precursors from wildfires over California from 2018 to 2020.

Checkpoint TIPE2 Limits the Helper Functions of NK Cells in Supporting Antitumor CD8 T Cells.

Natural killer (NK) cells not only are innate effector lymphocytes that directly participate in tumor surveillance but are also essential helpers in the antitumor CD8 T-cell response. However, the molecular mechanisms and potential checkpoints regulating NK cell helper functions remain elusive. Here, it is shown that the T-bet/Eomes-IFN-γ axis in NK cells is essential for CD8 T cell-dependent tumor control, whereas T-bet-dependent NK cell effector functions are required for an optimal response to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy.

Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in patients undergoing cutaneous ureterostomy.

Objective: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an inflammatory response of the urothelium to bacterial invasion and is a common complication in patients with cutaneous ureterostomy (CU). For such patients, accurate and efficient identification of pathogens remains a challenge. The aim of this study included exploring utility of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in assisting microbiological diagnosis of UTI among patients undergoing CU, identifying promising cytokine or microorganism biomarkers, revealing microbiome diversity change and compare virulence factors (VFs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) after infection.

deletion improves the therapeutic potential of adoptively transferred NK cells.

Background: To enhance the efficacy of adoptive NK cell therapy against solid tumors, NK cells must be modified to resist exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the molecular checkpoint underlying NK cell exhaustion in the TME remains elusive.

Methods: We analyzed the correlation between expression and NK cell functional exhaustion in the TME both in humans and mice by single-cell transcriptomic analysis and by using gene reporter mice.

Prospects for NK-based immunotherapy of chronic HBV infection.

Effective and long-term treatment is required for controlling chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. Natural killer (NK) cells are antiviral innate lymphocytes and represent an essential arm of current immunotherapy. In chronic HBV (CHB), NK cells display altered changes in phenotypes and functions, but preserve antiviral activity, especially for cytolytic activity.

A multi-omics integrative network map of maize.

Networks are powerful tools to uncover functional roles of genes in phenotypic variation at a system-wide scale. Here, we constructed a maize network map that contains the genomic, transcriptomic, translatomic and proteomic networks across maize development. This map comprises over 2.

Elucidating Contributions of Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds and Particulate Matter to Ozone Trends over China.

In China, emissions of ozone (O)-producing pollutants have been targeted for mitigation to reduce O pollution. However, the observed O decrease is slower than/opposite to expectations affecting the health of millions of people. For a better understanding of this failure and its connection with anthropogenic emissions, we quantify the summer O trends that would have occurred had the weather stayed constant by applying a numerical tool that "de-weathers" observations across 31 urban regions (123 cities and 392 sites) over 8 years.

Ligand as Buffer for Improving Chemical Stability of Coordination Polymers.

Chemical stability is one of the key concerns in coordination polymers (CPs). However, technologies to protect CPs against acidic or alkaline aqueous environments have yet to be implemented. Herein we demonstrate an approach for improving the pH stability by utilizing the ligand salt as buffering site to modify the unsaturated coordination sites of CPs.

Efficient Tb-to-Eu energy transfer for colorimetric luminescence sensing.

State-of-the-art Tb-to-Eu energy transfer (TEET) efficiency (>90%) under ultralow Eu proportion (<6%) has been achieved in Eu/Tb bimetallic lanthanide coordination polymers (LnCPs). The yellow-light-emitting sample as sensor exhibits micromolar l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) in water and serum via obvious yellow-to-green luminometric behavior, meanwhile nanomolar-level detection limits are determined in terms of an updated Stern-Volmer equation with high selectivity and competitiveness. Excited-state inter-ligand photon transfer (ESILPT) greatly contributes to superior TEET property and outstanding luminometric behavior.

Nanomolar determination of nitrofurans in water via excited-state inter-ligand proton transfer.

Qualification and quantification of trace organic contaminants necessitates development of highly efficient sensing system, where excited-state inter-ligand proton transfer (ESILPT) provides a feasible pathway to construct efficient chemo-sensors. Herein, a strategically synthesized lanthanide complex, Eu(DBM)(MeOH) (briefly as Eu-DBM-MeOH; DBM = dibenzoylmethane), features two-step ESILPT processes, along with modification on molecular structure and energy band. As a result, Eu-DBM-MeOH exhibits excellent photophysical properties with characteristic luminescence of Eu ion.

Short-term PM and cardiovascular admissions in NY State: assessing sensitivity to exposure model choice.

Background: Air pollution health studies have been increasingly using prediction models for exposure assessment even in areas without monitoring stations. To date, most studies have assumed that a single exposure model is correct, but estimated effects may be sensitive to the choice of exposure model.

Methods: We obtained county-level daily cardiovascular (CVD) admissions from the New York (NY) Statewide Planning and Resources Cooperative System (SPARCS) and four sets of fine particulate matter (PM) spatio-temporal predictions (2002-2012).

Evaluating Drought Responses of Surface Ozone Precursor Proxies: Variations With Land Cover Type, Precipitation, and Temperature.

Prior work suggests drought exacerbates US air quality by increasing surface ozone concentrations. We analyze 2005-2015 tropospheric column concentrations of two trace gases that serve as proxies for surface ozone precursors retrieved from the OMI/Aura satellite: Nitrogen dioxide (ΩNO NO proxy) and formaldehyde (ΩHCHO; VOC proxy). We find 3.

Nogo-B receptor is required for stabilizing TGF-β type I receptor and promotes the TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of non-small cell lung cancer.

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event in the metastasis of NSCLC. Our previous works demonstrated that NgBR promoted EMT in NSCLC. However, the molecular mechanism was unclear.

Transboundary air pollution from coal-fired power generation.

To what extent do the short-term negative externalities of fossil fuel use traverse national borders? Transnational negative externalities are thought to motivate international environmental cooperation, but we often lack detailed data on their occurrence. Using a Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT), we offer global estimates of the extent of transboundary air pollution from coal-fired power generation. In an advance of the existing literature, we attribute the air pollution experienced in different locales to specific coal-fired power plants, allowing us to evaluate the extent to which pollution from the coal industry is experienced across different jurisdictions.

Using Satellites to Track Indicators of Global Air Pollution and Climate Change Impacts: Lessons Learned From a NASA-Supported Science-Stakeholder Collaborative.

The 2018 NASA Health and Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST) "Indicators" Tiger Team collaboration between NASA-supported scientists and civil society stakeholders aimed to develop satellite-derived global air pollution and climate indicators. This Commentary shares our experience and lessons learned. Together, the team developed methods to track wildfires, dust storms, pollen counts, urban green space, nitrogen dioxide concentrations and asthma burdens, tropospheric ozone concentrations, and urban particulate matter mortality.

Inferring Changes in Summertime Surface Ozone-NO-VOC Chemistry over U.S. Urban Areas from Two Decades of Satellite and Ground-Based Observations.

Urban ozone (O) formation can be limited by NO, VOCs, or both, complicating the design of effective O abatement plans. A satellite-retrieved ratio of formaldehyde to NO (HCHO/NO), developed from theory and modeling, has previously been used to indicate O formation chemistry. Here, we connect this space-based indicator to spatiotemporal variations in O recorded by on-the-ground monitors over major U.

Methods, availability, and applications of PM exposure estimates derived from ground measurements, satellite, and atmospheric models.

Fine particulate matter (PM) is a well-established risk factor for public health. To support both health risk assessment and epidemiological studies, data are needed on spatial and temporal patterns of PM exposures. This review article surveys publicly available exposure datasets for surface PM mass concentrations over the contiguous U.

PCANet-Based Structural Representation for Nonrigid Multimodal Medical Image Registration.

Nonrigid multimodal image registration remains a challenging task in medical image processing and analysis. The structural representation (SR)-based registration methods have attracted much attention recently. However, the existing SR methods cannot provide satisfactory registration accuracy due to the utilization of hand-designed features for structural representation.

Evaluating a Space-Based Indicator of Surface Ozone-NO -VOC Sensitivity Over Midlatitude Source Regions and Application to Decadal Trends.

Determining effective strategies for mitigating surface ozone (O) pollution requires knowledge of the relative ambient concentrations of its precursors, NO , and VOCs. The space-based tropospheric column ratio of formaldehyde to NO (FNR) has been used as an indicator to identify NO -limited versus NO -saturated O formation regimes. Quantitative use of this indicator ratio is subject to three major uncertainties: (1) the split between NO -limited and NO -saturated conditions may shift in space and time, (2) the ratio of the vertically integrated column may not represent the near-surface environment, and (3) satellite products contain errors.