Extensive nrDNA Polymorphism in L. and Its Application.

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is one of the most extensively utilized in the taxonomy of the genus due to its generally concerted evolution. Although non-concerted evolution of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) has been reported in some species, genome-wide nrDNA characteristics in the genus remain poorly understood. In this study, 158 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 15 insertions and deletions (InDels) were identified within the nrDNA regions of 542 mulberry accessions representing sixteen species.

Whole-brain mapping of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons reveals a long-range reciprocal input-output loop between distinct subtypes.

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) influence cognition and emotion through specific acetylcholine release in various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortices and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Acetylcholine release is controlled by distinct BFCN subtypes, modulated by excitatory and inhibitory inputs. However, the organization of the whole-brain input-output networks of these subtypes remains unclear.

Integrative bioinformatics and machine learning identify key crosstalk genes and immune interactions in head and neck cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with complex molecular underpinnings. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), another distinct cancer type, shares several biological characteristics with HNSCC, particularly regarding immune system involvement. However, the molecular crosstalk between HNSCC and HL remains largely unexplored.

De novo assembly of the mitochondrial genome of Glycyrrhiza glabra and identification of two types of homologous recombination configurations caused by repeat sequences.

Background: Glycyrrhiza glabra, which is widely used in medicine and therapy, is known as the 'king of traditional Chinese medicine'. In this study, we successfully assembled and annotated the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of G. glabra via high-throughput sequencing technology, combining the advantages of short-read (Illumina) and long-read (Oxford Nanopore) sequencing.

A novel compound alleviates oxidative stress via PKA/CREB1-mediated DJ-1 upregulation.

Oxidative stress is one of the major culprits causing dopaminergic neuron loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). DJ-1 is a protein with multiple actions against oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, etc. DJ-1 expression is decreased in sporadic PD, therefore increasing DJ-1 expression might be beneficial in PD treatment.

Organization of corticocortical and thalamocortical top-down inputs in the primary visual cortex.

Unified visual perception requires integration of bottom-up and top-down inputs in the primary visual cortex (V1), yet the organization of top-down inputs in V1 remains unclear. Here, we used optogenetics-assisted circuit mapping to identify how multiple top-down inputs from higher-order cortical and thalamic areas engage V1 excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Top-down inputs overlap in superficial layers yet segregate in deep layers.

A frontal transcallosal inhibition loop mediates interhemispheric balance in visuospatial processing.

Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum is required for both sensory and cognitive processes. Impaired transcallosal inhibition causing interhemispheric imbalance is believed to underlie visuospatial bias after frontoparietal cortical damage, but the synaptic circuits involved remain largely unknown. Here, we show that lesions in the mouse anterior cingulate area (ACA) cause severe visuospatial bias mediated by a transcallosal inhibition loop.

Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep-wake cycle by astrocyte activity.

Astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake behavior, and adenosine signaling is generally thought to be involved. Here we show multiple lines of evidence supporting that modulation of the sleep-wake behavior by astrocyte Ca activity could occur without adenosine signaling. In the basal forebrain and the brainstem, two brain regions that are known to be essential for sleep-wake regulation, chemogenetically-induced astrocyte Ca elevation significantly modulated the sleep-wake cycle.

Dynamic changes in transposable element and gene methylation in mulberry (Morus notabilis) in response to Botrytis cinerea.

DNA methylation has been proposed to regulate plant stress resistance. However, the dynamic changes in DNA methylation in woody plants and their correlations with pathogenic responses are not fully understood. Here, we present single-base maps of the DNA methylomes of mulberry (Morus notabilis) leaves that were subjected to a mock treatment or inoculation with Botrytis cinerea.

Reactivation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay protects against C9orf72 dipeptide-repeat neurotoxicity.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a deleterious neurodegenerative disease without effective treatment options. Recent studies have indicated the involvement of the dysregulation of RNA metabolism in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Among the various RNA regulatory machineries, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a stress responsive cellular surveillance system that degrades selected mRNA substrates to prevent the translation of defective or harmful proteins.

Dissipation of two field-incurred pesticides and three degradation products in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from harvest to dining table.

Background: High levels of harmful pesticide residues in rice can cause undesirable side effects and are a source of great concern to consumers. Reduction of pesticide residues to provide rice security has thus became an urgent problem.

Results: In this study, the effects of commercial and home processing on removal of chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan residues from rice, and the formation of metabolites during processing, were studied.

Circadian control of stress granules by oscillating EIF2α.

Stress granule formation is important for stress response in normal cells and could lead to chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells. Aberrant stress granule dynamics are also known to disrupt proteostasis, affect RNA metabolism, and contribute to neuronal cell death. Meanwhile, circadian abnormality is an aging-related risk factor for cancer and neurodegeneration.

Neurodegeneration-associated FUS is a novel regulator of circadian gene expression.

Background: Circadian rhythms are oscillating physiological and behavioral changes governed by an internal molecular clock, and dysfunctions in circadian rhythms have been associated with ageing and various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the evidence directly connecting the neurodegeneration-associated proteins to circadian control at the molecular level remains sparse.

Methods: Using meta-analysis, synchronized animals and cell lines, cells and tissues from FUS R521C knock-in rats, we examined the role of FUS in circadian gene expression regulation.

Reduction of HIP2 expression causes motor function impairment and increased vulnerability to dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease models.

Huntingtin interaction protein 2 (HIP2) is an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme associated with neurodegenerative diseases, and HIP2 mRNA has been implicated as a potential blood biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unclear whether the alteration of HIP2 expression may contribute to the development of PD, and whether the change of HIP2 in blood could reflect its expression in the brain or motor functions in PD patients. In this study, we established a mouse line with HIP2 haploinsufficiency.

Sleep and circadian abnormalities precede cognitive deficits in R521C FUS knockin rats.

Mutations in fused in sarcoma (Fus) cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and occasionally frontotemporal dementia. Here we report the establishment and characterization of a novel knockin (KI) rat model expressing a Fus point mutation (R521C) via CRISPR/Cas9. The mutant animals developed adult-onset learning and memory behavioral deficits, with reduced spine density in hippocampal neurons.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Four Gene Families Putatively Involved in Cadmium Uptake, Translocation and Sequestration in Mulberry.

The zinc-regulated transporters, iron-regulated transporter-like proteins (ZIPs), the natural resistance and macrophage proteins (NRAMP), the heavy metal ATPases (HMAs) and the metal tolerance or transporter proteins (MTPs) families are involved in cadmium (Cd) uptake, translocation and sequestration in plants. Mulberry ( L.), one of the most ecologically and economically important (as a food plant for silkworm production) genera of perennial trees, exhibits excellent potential for remediating Cd-contaminated soils.

[Two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation and high resolution mass spectrometry analysis for proteome of rice leaves based on different extraction methods].

A two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D LC) system was developed to separate proteins from rice leaves, which was extracted by phenol method, followed by the analysis with linear trap quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (LTQ/Orbitrap MS). After proteins were extracted with phenol method, the enzymolytic peptides were separated by offline two-dimensional RP-RP system and detected by LTQ/Orbitrap MS, yielding 2712 proteins. Liquid chromatography separation system (1D LC and 2D LC) and protein extraction methods (phenol method, sodium dodecyl sulfate method (SDS method) and trichloroacetic acid/acetone method (TCA/acetone method)) were compared.

Sulfur supply reduces cadmium uptake and translocation in rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) by enhancing iron plaque formation, cadmium chelation and vacuolar sequestration.

Sulfur (S) fertilizer application in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is crucial in determining rice grain productivity and quality. However, little information is available concerning the effect of S supply on cadmium (Cd) uptake and translocation in rice.

Correction to: Analysis of bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol) residues in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by SPE using Bond Elut Plexa and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The authors would like to call the reader's attention to the fact that unfortunately during a recent cross-check of the experimental record, they found that the positions of intercept and slope were reversed in Table 1 in the original manuscript. The authors apologize for the mistake.

Analysis of four sulfonylurea herbicides in cereals using modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe sample preparation method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation method, coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of four commonly used sulfonylurea herbicides, ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl and orthosulfamuron, in rice, maize, wheat and soybean. Adsorption of the analytes onto the primary-secondary amine used in the clean-up step was avoided by using 1% formic acid in acetonitrile as the extraction solvent to maintain the acidic herbicides in a non-ionized state. Trueness studies were carried out at three levels (2.

Analysis of bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1, 3-diol) residues in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by SPE using Bond Elut Plexa and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A novel method has been developed for the direct, sensitive, and rapid detection of bronopol in rice using a simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with electrospray ionization (ESI). Bronopol was stable under acidic conditions, and an acidic environment was thus needed before sample loading to ensure the stability of bronopol. Rice extracts containing bronopol were pretreated using a hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (Bond Elut Plexa) cartridge to reduce the matrix effect.

Separation of selenium species and their sensitive determination in rice samples by ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry.

A highly sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of organic and inorganic selenium species in rice by ion-pairing reversed-phase chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. To achieve a good separation of these species, a comparison between anion-exchange chromatography and ion-pairing reversed-phase chromatography was performed. The results indicated that ion-pairing reversed-phase chromatography was more suitable due to better separation and higher sensitivity for all analytes.

[Determination of pyriminobac-methyl and bispyribac-sodium residues in rice by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on QuEChERS].

A method was developed for the determination of pyriminobac-methyl and bispyribac-sodium residues in rice by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with modified QuEChERS. The samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile, and then purified by octadecylsilane bonded silica (C) adsorbents. The analytes were separated on a ZORBAX SB C column through a gradient elution using 0.

Secretory carrier membrane protein 5 is an autophagy inhibitor that promotes the secretion of α-synuclein via exosome.

Autophagy-lysosomal pathway is a cellular protective system to remove aggregated proteins and damaged organelles. Meanwhile, exosome secretion has emerged as a mode to selectively clear the neurotoxic proteins, such as α-synuclein. Mounting evidence suggests that these two cellular processes are coordinated to facilitate the clearance of toxic cellular waste; however the regulators for the transition between these two processes are unclear.

Role of microRNA-130a in myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of microRNA (miR)-130a in the pathogenesis of myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. Primary rat cardiomyocytes were cultured and subjected to H/R treatment. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the levels of miR-130a, western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of various proteins, and CCK-8 assay was performed to determine cell viability.