Incorporating preprints in systematic reviews: a preliminary study of a novel method for rapid evidence synthesis.

Objectives: By October 1, 2024, over 450,000 COVID-19 manuscripts were published, with 10% posted as unreviewed preprints. While they accelerate knowledge sharing, their inconsistent quality complicates systematic studies.

Materials And Methods: We propose a 2-stage method to include preprints in meta-analyses.

A comprehensive evaluation of large language models for information extraction from unstructured electronic health records in residential aged care.

Despite rapid healthcare digitization, extracting information from unstructured electronic health records (EHRs), such as nursing notes, remains challenging due to inconsistencies and ambiguities in clinical documentation. Generative large language models (LLMs) have emerged as promising tools for automating information extraction (IE); however, their application in real-world clinical settings, such as residential aged care (RAC), is limited by critical gaps. Prior studies have often focused on structured EHR data and conventional evaluation metrics such as accuracy and F1 score, overlooking critical aspects like robustness, fairness, bias, and contextual relevance, particularly in unstructured clinical narratives.

Advances of mRNA vaccines in genitourinary cancers.

The rapid advancements and declining costs of mRNA technology have led to a significant rise in the use of mRNA-based interventions recently. Unlike traditional drug design schemes, mRNA vaccines rely on next-generation sequencing (NGS) results and were designed individually. mRNA vaccine technology enables the encoding of tumor-specific antigens (neoantigens) to activate immune responses and the delivery of cytokines to modulate the tumor microenvironment.

Investigation on the Inhibitory Mechanism of Chai Hu Hua Ji Tang on Liver Cancer Based on a Network Pharmacology Analysis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a serious threat to human health due to its high incidence and mortality rates. In recent years, the application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the comprehensive treatment of liver cancer has gained increasing attention. Clinical practices have demonstrated the mighty efficacy of Chai Hu Hua Ji Tang (CHHJT) in liver cancer treatment, yet its underlying mechanism remains unexplored.

Synthetic Membranes for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (AORFBs): towards High Conductive and Selective Ion Channels.

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) have emerged as one of the most promising electrochemical technologies for large-scale energy storage due to their use of water-based electrolytes, offering safety and cost advantages over organic solvent-based systems. AORFBs utilize organic molecules derived from earth-abundant elements, enabling tunable properties such as solubility, stability, and redox potential at the molecular level. These features enable improvements in energy and power densities, operational lifetimes, and efficiency metrics in the battery system.

A Study of the Safety of Low Temperature Plasma Radiofrequency Ablation on Rat Sciatic Nerve.

Purpose: Low temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation (LTPRA) has been widely applied for widespread clinical use in a variety of disciplines. However, the safe distance to act in the vicinity of neural tissue has not been determined.

Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to LTPRA surgery performed at 0mm, 1mm and 2mm from the sciatic nerve or by cutting only the skin muscle to expose the sciatic nerve.

Sirtuin1 mitigation of calcium oxalate nephropathy via enhancing itaconate abundance through reduction of histone trimethylation.

Background: Clinical therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat renal injury in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced by calcium oxalate (CaOx) are limited. As a pivotal deacetylase, Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) exhibits notably anti-inflammatory effects, but its metabolic mechanism in regulating CaOx nephropathy remains unexplored.

Methods: We analysed organic acid metabolism in kidney using the nontargeted metabolome and identified key targets by RNA-seq.

A4SLR: An Agentic AI-Assisted Systematic Literature Review Framework to Augment Evidence Synthesis for HEOR and HTA.

Objectives: Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are essential for synthesizing high-quality evidence in clinical research, health economics and outcome research (HEOR), and health technology assessments (HTAs). However, the growing volume of published data has made SLRs time-consuming, labor-intensive, and costly. To address these challenges, we introduce A4SLR, an Agentic Artificial intelligence (AI)-Assisted SLR framework, that provides a flexible, extensible methodology for automating the entire SLR process-from initial query formulation to evidence synthesis-across various study fields.

Scientific Writing in the Era of Large Language Models: A Computational Analysis of AI Versus Human-Created Content.

Background: Large language models (LLMs) are artificial intelligence (AI) tools that can generate human expert-like content and be used to accelerate the synthesis of scientific literature, but they can spread misinformation by producing misleading content. This study sought to characterize distinguishing linguistic features in differentiating AI-generated from human-authored scientific text and evaluate the performance of AI detection tools for this task.

Methods: We conducted a computational synthesis of 34 essays on cerebrovascular topics (12 generated by large language models [Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4, Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3.

Theoretical limits of passive daytime radiative cooling in extraterrestrial environments: implications for space exploration.

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) enables sub-ambient cooling without external energy input, a feature that has attracted significant research attention. While most studies have focused on PDRC performance in terrestrial environments, extraterrestrial settings offer the potential for superior cooling due to the absence of convective heat transfer and atmospheric thermal radiation. To address this gap, we investigate the extreme optical properties and radiative cooling performance of PDRC materials in extraterrestrial settings, specifically paints and ceramics, known for their strong solar reflectance, high thermal emissivity, and ease of fabrication.

Mendelian randomization reveals a causal link between age at menarche and reduced risk of periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to assess the causal association between age at menarche (AAM) and periodontitis by use of a 2-sample 2-way Mendelian randomization (MR) study. A 2-sample bidirectional MR analysis was performed based on genome-wide association study data from European populations of AAM and chronic periodontitis, using single nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables. Inverse-variance weighting, weighted median, weighted multinomial, and MR-Egger were used to assess the bidirectional causal association between AAM and chronic periodontitis.

Incorporating Preprints in Systematic Reviews: A Preliminary Study of a Novel Method for Rapid Evidence Synthesis.

Objectives: By October 1, 2024, over 450,000 COVID-19 manuscripts were published, with 10% posted as unreviewed preprints. While they accelerate knowledge sharing, their inconsistent quality complicates systematic studies.

Materials And Methods: We propose a two-stage method to include preprints in meta-analyses.

Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Health Care Expenditures Among Patients Prescribed Semaglutide.

Importance: Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has demonstrated substantial weight reduction and cardiovascular benefits in clinical trials. However, its association with clinical outcomes and health care expenditures remains underexplored.

Objective: To evaluate changes in cardiovascular risk factors and health care expenditures among patients prescribed semaglutide across multicenter cohorts.

Accuracy of Large Language Models in Generating Rare Disease Differential Diagnosis Using Key Clinical Features.

Generating differential diagnoses for rare disease patients can be time intensive and highly dependent on the background and training of the evaluating physicians. Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to complement this process by automatically generating differentials to support physicians, but their performance in real-world patient populations remains underexplored. To this end, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT-4o, Llama 3.

PheCatcher: Leveraging LLM-Generated Synthetic Data for Automated Phenotype Definition Extraction from Biomedical Literature.

Phenotype definitions are crucial for the progression of precision and personalized medicine. Although phenotype knowledge bases such as PheKB and the OHDSI library are available, they rely heavily on manual input. This study introduces PheCatcher, an automated pipeline that integrates BiomedBERT-based Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Relation Extraction (RE) to extract phenotypes and standardized codes from biomedical literature.

Clinical Trial Eligibility Criteria Decomposition and Parsing with Large Language Models.

Clinical trial eligibility criteria, often presented as complex free text, pose significant challenges for automated processing. This study introduces a Decomposition and Parsing (DP) workflow to address these challenges by systematically breaking down criteria into "study traits"-the smallest meaningful units-and structuring them with components such as entities, modifiers, constraints, and negations. Leveraging advanced large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4o and Llama3.

Detection of the distribution frequency of Diego blood type based on multiplex droplet digital PCR.

The Diego blood group is a crucial blood group system for ensuring the safety of clinical transfusions. However, current detection methods for the Diego blood group remain limited. This study aims to develop a multiplex digital PCR approach for Diego blood group genotyping and establish a blood pool in the northwest region.

Recent Advances in Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hexagonal Boron Nitride on Insulating Substrates.

Direct chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) on insulating substrates offers a promising pathway to circumvent transfer-induced defects and enhance device integration. This comprehensive review systematically evaluates recent advances in CVD techniques for h-BN synthesis on insulating substrates, including metal-organic CVD (MOCVD), low-pressure CVD (LPCVD), atmospheric-pressure CVD (APCVD), and plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD). Key challenges, including precursor selection, high-temperature processing, achieving single-crystalline films, and maintaining phase purity, are critically analyzed.

Automated transformation of unstructured cardiovascular diagnostic reports into structured datasets using sequentially deployed large language models.

Aims: Rich data in cardiovascular diagnostic testing are often sequestered in unstructured reports, limiting their use.

Methods And Results: We sequentially deployed generative and interpretative open-source large language models (LLMs; Llama2-70b, Llama2-13b). Using Llama2-70b, we generated varying formats of transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) reports from 3000 real-world reports with paired structured elements.

TNF-α Promotes Synovial Inflammation and Cartilage Bone Destruction in Rheumatoid Arthritis via NF-κB/YY1/miR-103a-3p Axis.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays important roles in inflammation and bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the detailed mechanism is still not fully elucidated. Here, we found that the levels of microRNA (miR)-103a-3p were decreased markedly in the inflamed synovial tissues of patients with RA compared with osteoarthritis (OA) or healthy control subjects. Further studies uncovered that miR-103a-3p was significantly downregulated by TNF-α/IL-1β in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) through an NF-κB-dependent manner via the de novo produced transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1).

Calcium-dependent oligomerization of scavenger receptor CD163 facilitates the endocytosis of ligands.

Scavenger receptor CD163 is a marker of M2 type macrophages that play important roles in anti-inflammatory processes. The most extensively studied function of CD163 is related to the elimination of hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complexes, to prevent potential oxidative toxicity of the iron-containing heme. However, the structural mechanism of CD163 in ligand binding and internalization remains elusive.

Exploring Susceptibility of Dementia in Spouses of Diagnosed Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The number of patients with dementia is rising. Although there is abundant information on the prevalence of dementia, we specifically focused our sample in the Jimo region in China which has a higher than typical prevalence. Additionally, there is insufficient evidence concerning the effects of having a diagnosis of dementia on the spouse of the diagnosed patient.

Stem cell-derived exosomes: a potential therapeutic strategy for enhancing tendon stem/progenitor cells function in tendon-bone healing.

Tendon-bone insertion (TBI) injuries and diseases are one of the common musculoskeletal conditions that can severely impair an individual's daily activities and quality of life. The healing process following an injury is intricate and depending on microenvironmental factors such as mechanical loading, inflammatory responses, and the extracellular matrix. Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) primarily contribute to the replenishment of tendon cells via self-renewal and differentiation, which is essential for tendon-bone healing.