Role of BABY BOOM Transcription Factor in Promoting Somatic Embryogenesis and Genetic Transformation in a Woody Magnoliid Liriodendron.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a powerful biotechnological tool widely utilized for large-scale propagation and genetic transformation. Morphogenic genes like BABY BOOM (BBM) and WUSCHEL (WUS) play crucial roles in SE and are extensively applied to improve SE-based genetic transformation. However, the transcriptome profiling and key regulatory factors of SE in the woody magnoliid Liriodendron hybrid remain unclear.

Highly Efficient Homozygous CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Based on Single-Cell-Originated Somatic Embryogenesis in .

The clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system is the most widely used gene-editing tool to date. However, its application in the genetic improvement of forestry trees has been largely limited. Here, we first established a highly efficient multi-target editing system in the magnoliid woody plant .

Function of WAKs in Regulating Cell Wall Development and Responses to Abiotic Stress.

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are instrumental in regulating plant cell surface sensing and vascular tissue differentiation. Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) are a unique group of RLKs that have been identified as key cell wall integrity (CWI) sensors. WAK signaling is suggested to be activated during growth in response to cell expansion or when the cell wall is damaged, for example, during pathogen attack.

WALL-ASSOCIATED KINASE Like 14 regulates vascular tissue development in Arabidopsis and tomato.

Initiation of plant vascular tissue is regulated by transcriptional networks during development and in response to environmental stimuli. The WALL-ASSOCIATED KINASES (WAKs) and WAK-likes (WAKLs) are cell surface receptors involved in cell expansion and defence in cells with primary walls, yet their roles in regulation of vascular tissue development that contain secondary walls remains unclear. In this study, we showed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlWAKL2 and the orthologous gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtWAKL14, were specifically expressed in vascular tissues.

Promoter and domain structures regulate FLA12 function during Arabidopsis secondary wall development.

Introduction: Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-proteins (FLAs) are a family of multi-domain glycoproteins present at the cell surface and walls of plants. FLA12 and homologs in cotton, , and flax have been shown to play important functions regulating secondary cell wall (SCW) development. FLA12 has been shown to have distinct roles from the closely related FLA11 that also functions during SCW development.

Targeted LC-MS/MS profiling of bile acids reveals primary/secondary bile acid ratio as a novel biomarker for necrotizing enterocolitis.

Bile acids (BAs) are involved in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which mainly occurs in preterm infants. We aim to identify the change of BAs in preterm infants and validate its potential value in the detection of NEC. Targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed to measure the plasma BAs in healthy preterm infants and patients with NEC.

CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening identifies KIAA1429 as an essential gene in Ewing sarcoma.

Background: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive childhood bone and soft tissue cancer. KIAA1429 is one type of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) writer that plays a tumor-progressive role in various cancers, but the role of KIAA1429 in ES remains to be elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of KIAA1429 in ES.

Elongated galactan side chains mediate cellulose-pectin interactions in engineered Arabidopsis secondary cell walls.

The plant secondary cell wall is a thickened matrix of polysaccharides and lignin deposited at the cessation of growth in some cells. It forms the majority of carbon in lignocellulosic biomass, and it is an abundant and renewable source for forage, fiber, materials, fuels, and bioproducts. The complex structure and arrangement of the cell wall polymers mean that the carbon is difficult to access in an economical and sustainable way.

DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 regulates cellulose synthesis and affects primary cell wall mechanics.

The cell wall is one of the defining features of plants, controlling cell shape, regulating growth dynamics and hydraulic conductivity, as well as mediating plants interactions with both the external and internal environments. Here we report that a putative mechanosensitive Cys-protease DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) influences the mechanical properties of primary cell walls and regulation of cellulose synthesis. Our results indicate that DEK1 is an important regulator of cellulose synthesis in epidermal tissue of cotyledons during early post-embryonic development.

Arabinogalactan proteins - Multifunctional glycoproteins of the plant cell wall.

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are cell wall glycoproteins that make up a relatively small component of the extracellular matrix of plants yet have significant influence on wall mechanics and signalling. Present in walls of algae, bryophytes and angiosperms, AGPs have a wide range of functional roles, from signalling, cell expansion and division, embryogenesis, responses to abiotic and biotic stress, plant growth and development. AGPs interact with and influence wall matrix components and plasma membrane proteins to regulate developmental pathways and growth responses, yet the exact mechanisms remain elusive.

Phytohormone ethylene mediates oligogalacturonic acid-induced growth inhibition in tomato etiolated seedlings.

Plant growth and immunity are tightly interconnected. Oligogalacturonic acids (OGs) are pectic fragments and have been well investigated in plant immunity as a damage-associated molecular pattern. However, little is known regarding how OGs affect plant growth.

Distinct functions of FASCILIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS relate to domain structure.

The role of glycoproteins as key cell surface molecules during development and stress is well established; yet, the relationship between their structural features and functional mechanisms is poorly defined. FASCICLIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINs (FLAs), which impact plant growth and development, are an excellent example of a glycoprotein family with a complex multidomain structure. FLAs combine globular fasciclin-like (FAS1) domains with regions that are intrinsically disordered and contain glycomotifs for directing the addition of O-linked arabinogalactan (AG) glycans.

SMAD9-MYCN positive feedback loop represents a unique dependency for MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.

Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor occurring during childhood and high-risk NB patients have a poor prognosis. The amplified MYCN gene serves as an important determinant of a high risk of NB.

Methods: We performed an integrative screen using public NB tissue and cell line data, and identified that SMAD9 played an important role in high-risk NB.

Reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and bile acid nuclear receptor NR1H4/FXR may affect the hepatic immune microenvironment of biliary atresia.

Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is a childhood liver disease characterized by fibrous obstruction and obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system and is one of the most common and serious biliary disorders in infants. Significant inflammation and fibrosis of the liver and biliary tract are the most prominent features, regardless of the initial damage to the BA. Abnormalities in innate or adaptive immunity have been found in human patients and mouse models of BA.

Regulates Arabidopsis Stem Secondary Wall Development.

Wall-associated kinases/kinase-likes (WAKs/WAKLs) are plant cell surface sensors. A variety of studies have revealed the important functions of WAKs/WAKLs in regulating cell expansion and defense in cells with primary cell walls. Less is known about their roles during the development of the secondary cell walls (SCWs) that are present in xylem vessel (XV) and interfascicular fiber (IF) cells.

Characterization of Post-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins Phospholipase 3 Like Genes.

Lipid remodeling of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors is required for their maturation and may influence the localization and function of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). Maturation of GPI-anchors is well characterized in animals and fungi but very little is known about this process in plants. In yeast, the GPI-lipid remodeling occurs entirely at the ER and is initiated by the remodeling enzyme Bst1p (Post-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins inositol deacylase 1 -PGAP1- in mammals and ).

FLA11 and FLA12 glycoproteins fine-tune stem secondary wall properties in response to mechanical stresses.

Secondary cell walls (SCWs) in stem xylem vessel and fibre cells enable plants to withstand the enormous compressive forces associated with upright growth. It remains unclear if xylem vessel and fibre cells can directly sense mechanical stimuli and modify their SCW during development. We provide evidence that Arabidopsis SCW-specific Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-proteins 11 (FLA11) and 12 (FLA12) are possible cell surface sensors regulating SCW development in response to mechanical stimuli.

AtPGAP1 functions as a GPI inositol-deacylase required for efficient transport of GPI-anchored proteins.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play an important role in a variety of plant biological processes including growth, stress response, morphogenesis, signaling, and cell wall biosynthesis. The GPI anchor contains a lipid-linked glycan backbone that is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it is subsequently transferred to the C-terminus of proteins containing a GPI signal peptide by a GPI transamidase. Once the GPI anchor is attached to the protein, the glycan and lipid moieties are remodeled.

Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-Protein 16 (FLA16) Is Required for Stem Development in .

The predominant Fascilin 1 (FAS1)-containing proteins in plants belong to the Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-protein (FLA) family of extracellular glycoproteins. In addition to FAS1 domains, these multi-domain FLA proteins contain glycomotif regions predicted to direct addition of large arabinogalactan (AG) glycans and many contain signal sequences for addition of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor to tether them to the plasma membrane. FLAs are proposed to play both structural and signaling functions by forming a range of interactions in the plant extracellular matrix, similar to FAS1-containing proteins in animals.

[Biomechanical comparison study of two ultra-strong sutures in repair of Achilles tendon via panda rope bridge technique].

Objective: To compare the biomechanical properties of two ultra-strong sutures and suturing methods in panda rope bridge technique (PRBT) application, and provide guidance for clinical selection of suture threads and suture methods.

Methods: Forty Achilles tendons from bulls were randomly divided into 4 groups ( =10) and transected at the 4 cm proximal to the tendon insertion. Groups A and B used Ethibond sutures (USP 5), the proximal end was fixed at the myotendious junction with Krackow sutures and the distal end was fixed through a calcaneus canal.

Oligogalacturonic acids promote tomato fruit ripening through the regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthesis at the transcriptional and post-translational levels.

Background: Oligogalacturonic acids (OGs) are oligomers of alpha-1,4-linked galacturonosyl residues that are released from cell walls by the hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acids upon fruit ripening and under abiotic/biotic stress. OGs may induce ethylene production and fruit ripening, however, the mechanism(s) behind these processes is unknown.

Results: Tomato cultivar 'Ailsa Craig' (AC) and mutant Neverripe, ripening inhibitor, non-ripening, and colorless non-ripening fruits were treated with OGs at different stages.

[Research on the Tomato Metacaspase Protein Interactions with Ca2+ by Spectroscopy and Molecular Probe].

Metacaspases are cysteine-dependent proteases found in protozoa, fungi and plants and are distantly related to metazoan caspases. Most of MCPs activation are the calcium dependent, but the mechanisms are still unknown. Based on the techniques of CD spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Terbium Stains-all probe, we selected three purified recombinant proteins from key residues mutated in tomato metacaspase (LeMCA1), including conserved catalytic site (C139A) mutant, N-sequenced cleaved site (K223G) mutant and the predicted Ca2+ binding sites (D116A/D117A) mutant, to explore the interaction mechanism of LeMCA1 and Ca2+.