Management of type 2 diabetes in young adults aged 18-30 years: ADS/ADEA/APEG consensus statement.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes in young adults (nominally, 18-30 years of age) is a more aggressive condition than that seen in older age, with a greater risk of major morbidity and early mortality. This first Australian consensus statement on the management of type 2 diabetes in young adults considers areas where existing type 2 diabetes guidance, directed mainly towards older adults, may not be appropriate or relevant for the young adult population. Where applicable, recommendations are harmonised with current national guidance for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (aged < 18 years).

Clinical practice guidelines for paediatric X-linked hypophosphataemia in the era of burosumab.

X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH), the most common inherited form of rickets, is caused by a PHEX gene mutation that leads to excessive serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). This leads to clinical manifestations such as rickets, osteomalacia, pain, lower limb deformity and overall diminished quality of life. The overarching aims in the management of children with XLH are to improve quality of life by reducing overall burden of disease, optimise an individual's participation in daily activities and promote normal physical and psychological development.

Weight-neutral interventions in young people with high body mass index: A systematic review.

Aim: This systematic review explored the feasibility, acceptability and effect on health outcomes of weight-neutral interventions in health improvement-seeking young people with overweight/obesity.

Methods: Six databases were searched to March 2021 for health, but not weight, focused interventions (PROSPERO, CRD42020152671). Eligible studies recruited young people (10-24 years) with overweight/obesity.

Growth and Nutritional Outcomes in Children Post-Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant without Exposure to Total Body Irradiation.

Aims: Poor growth in childhood cancer survivors who undergo haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) without exposure to radiation is reported anecdotally, although literature to support this is limited. The aims of this study were to assess the change in height standard deviation score (SDS) and the final adult height (FAH) in children who underwent chemotherapy-only conditioned HSCT and to identify predictors of poor growth.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a retrospective hospital medical record review (1984-2010) of children (1-10 years) who underwent chemotherapy-only conditioned HSCT, noting anthropology measurements at cancer diagnosis, HSCT, 10 years old and FAH.

Denosumab for central giant cell granuloma in an Australian tertiary paediatric centre.

Background: Central giant cell granulomas (CGCG) are rare osteolytic, benign but often locally aggressive tumours of bone. Surgical curettage may not be possible in extensive lesions and resection carries high morbidity, especially in growing children, and previous medical therapies have had variable efficacy and high recurrence rates. Interruption of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) signalling holds promise as an effective therapeutic strategy for these tumours.

Video Consultation Versus In-Person Clinic Visit for Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes during COVID-19 Pandemic (VIP-CD Study).

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of video consultation (VC) for prospective glycemic control against that of in-person clinic visit (IPV) in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Materials And Methods: This is a retrospective, cohort study of 96 individuals with type 2 diabetes followed up for a period of ≤6 months. The cohort was divided into two groups depending on the mode of consultation, namely IPV ( = 48) and VC ( = 48).

Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management.

This Review describes current knowledge on the epidemiology and causes of child and adolescent obesity, considerations for assessment, and current management approaches. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, obesity prevalence in children and adolescents had plateaued in many high-income countries despite levels of severe obesity having increased. However, in low-income and middle-income countries, obesity prevalence had risen.

A Long-Term Evaluation of Facebook for Recruitment and Retention in the ENDIA Type 1 Diabetes Pregnancy-Birth Cohort Study.

Background: The Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) study is an Australia-wide pregnancy-birth cohort study following children who have a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes (ACTRN1261300794707). A dedicated ENDIA Facebook page was established in 2013 with the aim of enhancing recruitment and supporting participant retention through dissemination of study information. To measure the impact of Facebook, we evaluated the sources of referral to the study, cohort demographics, and withdrawal rates.

Changes in body mass index in children and adolescents in Israel during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has health, social, and economic implications. Our primary objective was to evaluate changes in body mass index (BMI) from the pre-pandemic to COVID-19 pandemic period among a large pediatric population in Israel.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study is based on data from Clalit Health Services, the largest health maintenance organization in Israel.

Mental Health During Late Pregnancy and Postpartum in Mothers With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: The ENDIA Study.

Objective: Pregnancy and type 1 diabetes are each associated with increased anxiety and depression, but the combined impact on well-being is unresolved. We compared the mental health of women with and without type 1 diabetes during pregnancy and postpartum and examined the relationship between mental health and glycemic control.

Research Design And Methods: Participants were women enrolled from 2016 to 2020 in the Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) study, a pregnancy to birth prospective cohort following children with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes.

Clinical and Radiologic Response of Central Giant Cell Granuloma to Denosumab: A 6-Year Prospective Observational Study.

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a rare lesion of the jaw occurring in young adults and adolescents. Surgery, the traditional mainstay of therapy, is associated with significant morbidity. Denosumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody to RANKL, is effective in a related entity, giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB), but experience in the more indolent CGCG is limited.

Women with type 1 diabetes exhibit a progressive increase in gut Saccharomyces cerevisiae in pregnancy associated with evidence of gut inflammation.

Aims: Studies of the gut microbiome have focused on its bacterial composition. We aimed to characterize the gut fungal microbiome (mycobiome) across pregnancy in women with and without type 1 diabetes.

Methods: Faecal samples (n = 162) were collected from 70 pregnant women (45 with and 25 without type 1 diabetes) across all trimesters.

Dietary Intake and Adherence to the Recommendations for Healthy Eating in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.

Medical nutrition therapy is essential for all people with diabetes, of any type or severity. Compliance with the recommended nutrition is an integral part of the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). It remains unclear to what extent the dietary intake of patients with type 1 diabetes adheres to the recommendations for healthy eating.

Control of osteocyte dendrite formation by Sp7 and its target gene osteocrin.

Some osteoblasts embed within bone matrix, change shape, and become dendrite-bearing osteocytes. The circuitry that drives dendrite formation during "osteocytogenesis" is poorly understood. Here we show that deletion of Sp7 in osteoblasts and osteocytes causes defects in osteocyte dendrites.

Low FT3 is an independent marker of disease severity in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

Aim: To study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its association with disease severity in hospitalized patients of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, thyroid function tests (TFT) of 236 hospitalized patients of COVID-19 along with demographic, comorbid, clinical, biochemical and disease severity records were analysed. Patients were divided into previous euthyroid or hypothyroid status to observe the effect of prior hypothyroidism on the severity of COVID-19.

Effect of a Hybrid Closed-Loop System on Glycemic and Psychosocial Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) therapy has improved glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes; however, the efficacy of HCL on glycemic and psychosocial outcomes has not yet been established in a long-term randomized clinical trial.

Objective: To determine the percentage of time spent in the target glucose range using HCL vs current conventional therapies of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily insulin injections with or without continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Design, Setting, And Participants: This 6-month, multicenter, randomized clinical trial included 172 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes; patients were recruited between April 18, 2017, and October 4, 2019, in Australia.

Multiomics reveal unique signatures of human epiploic adipose tissue related to systemic insulin resistance.

Objective: Human white adipose tissue (AT) is a metabolically active organ with distinct depot-specific functions. Despite their locations close to the gastrointestinal tract, mesenteric AT and epiploic AT (epiAT) have only scarcely been investigated. Here, we aim to characterise these ATs in-depth and estimate their contribution to alterations in whole-body metabolism.