The TSANZ Practical Guide for Clinicians in the Management of Screen- and Incidentally-Detected Nodules.

The increasing adoption of lung cancer screening programs and advancements in imaging technologies has significantly increased the detection of pulmonary nodules, both incidentally and through screening. This document provides a comprehensive guide for clinicians to address the complexities of managing indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPNs), emphasising person-centred and multidisciplinary care. IPNs are categorised based on size and morphology, with specific guidelines for malignancy risk stratification, diagnostic evaluation, and follow-up.

Expert consensus on cancer treatment-related lung injury.

Background: Although advancements in cancer therapies have substantially improved the survival of cancer patients, these treatments may also result in acute or chronic lung injury. Cancer treatment-related lung injury (CTLI) presents with a diverse array of clinical manifestations and can involve multiple sites. Due to the lack of specific diagnostic protocols, CTLI can deteriorate rapidly and may be life-threatening if not promptly addressed.

gene expression as a prognostic marker for clinical outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the predominant histological subtype of lung cancer. In the past decade, various targeted drugs have prolonged the survival of LUAD patients. Unfortunately, not all LUAD patients can benefit from the current target agents.

Contemporary Concise Review 2023: Advances in lung cancer and interventional pulmonology.

Eligibility criteria for lung cancer screening increasingly need to consider family history of lung cancer, as well as age and smoking status. Lung cancer screening will reveal a multitude of incidental findings, of variable clinical significance, and with a need for clear pathways of management. Pulmonary nodule sampling is enhanced by intra-procedural imaging and cutting-edge robotic technology.

Association between the modified lung immune predictive index and clinical outcomes of advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy.

Background: As revealed by previous studies, the modified lung immune predictive index (mLIPI) can predict outcomes in patients with lung cancer receiving single-agent immunotherapy. However, the application value of the mLIPI for patients treated with combination immunotherapy requires further investigation. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between the mLIPI and the efficacy of treatment together with the prognosis of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with platinum-based chemotherapy.

Nebulised granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP) results from impaired macrophage-mediated clearance of alveolar surfactant lipoproteins. Whole lung lavage has been the first-line treatment but recent reports suggest the efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We aimed to review the efficacy and safety of nebulised GM-CSF in aPAP.

Overexpression of in predicting poor prognosis and promoting the development of lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L19 () is a member of the mitochondrial ribosomal protein (MRP) family. MRPs have a role in the progression of many cancers. However, the role of in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is yet unknown.

Methods for assessment of the tumour microenvironment and immune interactions in non-small cell lung cancer. A narrative review.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has significantly improved outcomes in some patients, however 80-85% of patients receiving immunotherapy develop primary resistance, manifesting as a lack of response to therapy. Of those that do have an initial response, disease progression may occur due to acquired resistance.

Heterogeneity of tumour mutational burden in metastatic NSCLC demonstrated by endobronchial ultrasound sampling.

Introduction: Tumour mutational burden (TMB) is an important emerging biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). The stability of TMB values across distinct EBUS tumour regions is not well defined in advanced lung cancer patients.

Methods: This study included a whole-genome sequencing cohort (n=11, LxG cohort) and a targeted Oncomine TML panel cohort (n=10, SxD cohort), where paired primary and metastatic samples were obtained by endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA).

Differential organ-specific tumor response to first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in non-small cell lung cancer-a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) possess remarkable clinical effectiveness in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Different immune profiles of tumors may play a key role in the efficacy of treatment with ICIs. This article aimed to determine the differential organ responses to ICI in individuals with metastatic NSCLC.

A cohort study of the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors plus anlotinib versus immune checkpoint inhibitors alone as the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the real world.

Background: Anlotinib is a new multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and has been shown to have antitumor effects and synergistic antitumor effects with immunotherapy only in animal studies and in the 2nd-line treatment in small clinical trials. A real-world study with large sample to compare the efficacy and safety of anlotinib plus immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with ICIs alone in the multiline treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was urgently needed.

Methods: The data of 535 advanced NSCLC patients were collected from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2021.

Contemporary Concise Review 2021: Pulmonary nodules from detection to intervention.

The US Preventive Task Force (USPSTF) has updated screening criteria by expanding age range and reducing smoking history required for eligibility; the International Lung Screen Trial (ILST) data have shown that PLCOM2012 performs better for eligibility than USPSTF criteria. Screening adherence is low (4%-6% of potential eligible candidates in the United States) and depends upon multiple system and patient/candidate-related factors. Smoking cessation in lung cancer improves survival (past prospective trial data, updated meta-analysis data); smoking cessation is an essential component of lung cancer screening.

Unexpected case of accelerated silicosis in a female quarry worker.

Silicosis is a progressive and irreversible fibrotic occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of respirable crystalline silica (RCS). Recently, outbreaks have been reported in industries involving direct work with high silica-containing materials, such as artificial stone. Here, we describe an unexpected diagnosis made in an asymptomatic 33-year-old female worker employed for 4 years at a quarry for rhyodacite and rhyolite which contain 70% silicon dioxide.

Rate and risk factors of recurrent immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become standard treatments for lung cancer patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP) was the leading cause of death among ICIs-related adverse events (irAEs). Recurrent episodes of CIP without rechallenge of ICIs were reported in several cases and maybe a unique feature of CIP.

Impact of smoking status and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on pulmonary complications post lung cancer surgery.

Introduction: Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with an increased risk of post-operative pulmonary complications (PPCs) following lung cancer resection. It remains unclear whether smoking cessation reduces this risk.

Methods: Retrospective review of a large, prospectively collected database of over 1000 consecutive resections for lung cancer in a quaternary lung cancer centre over a 23-year period.

Excess iron promotes emergence of foamy macrophages that overexpress ferritin in the lungs of silicosis patients.

Background And Objective: Inhalation of high concentrations of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) can lead to silicosis. RCS contains varying levels of iron, which can cause oxidative stress and stimulate ferritin production. This study evaluated iron-related and inflammatory markers in control and silicosis patients.

Teaching Radial Endobronchial Ultrasound with a Three-Dimensional-printed Radial Ultrasound Model.

Background: Peripheral pulmonary lesion (PPL) incidence is rising because of increased chest imaging sensitivity and frequency. For PPLs suspicious for lung cancer, current clinical guidelines recommend tissue diagnosis. Radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) is a bronchoscopic technique used for this purpose.

Hospital-based multidisciplinary lung cancer care in Australia: a survey of the landscape in 2021.

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Australia and has the highest cancer burden. Numerous reports describe variations in lung cancer care and outcomes across Australia. There are no data assessing compliance with treatment guidelines and little is known about lung cancer multidisciplinary team (MDT) infrastructure around Australia.

Deubiquitinase USP5 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by stabilizing cyclin D1.

Background: Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and contributes to its tumorigenesis and progression. Accumulating evidence shows that ubiquitin-specific protease 5 (USP5), an important member of the USP family, acts as a tumor promoter by deubiquitinating and stabilizing oncoproteins. However, neither the mechanism for dysregulated turnover of CCND1 protein nor the association of CCND1 with USP5 in NSCLC is well understood.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis with an unusual bronchoscopic complication.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare respiratory syndrome, which can be challenging to diagnose given its non-specific presentation and imaging findings. While most primary cases of PAP have an autoimmune basis, the triggers for the disease are uncertain with occupational factors increasingly thought to be important. We report the unusual complication of pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothoraces following endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspirate in the setting of PAP.