Wernicke encephalopathy: a mini review of the clinical spectrum, atypical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges.

Background: Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is a severe neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Though often associated with chronic alcohol abuse, it can also arise from other conditions that impair thiamine intake or absorption. The classic triad of symptoms includes ophthalmoplegia, an abnormal mental state, and gait ataxia, although these may not be present in all patients, leading to underdiagnosis and undertreatment.

Variations in Vertical Distributions of O, Its Precursors, and Formation Sensitivity in Beijing, China, Based on Ground-Based Remote Sensing.

Developing effective emission reduction strategies to mitigate ozone (O) pollution requires a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics and formation sensitivity. Herein, the continuous vertical profiles of O and its precursors (formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide), and O formation sensitivity, as well as their temporal variations, were investigated by ground-based remote sensing observations at urban and rural sites in Beijing, China, from 2018 to 2023. The maximum monthly mean O concentration within the boundary layer was observed at an altitude of 100-300 m.

Hyperspectral Imaging Technology Empowering Dynamic Monitoring of VOCs: A Breakthrough High-Spatial-Temporal Resolution Detection Method.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their secondary pollutants pose significant risks to both the environment and human health. In response to air pollution control policies, the emissions of conventional pollutants, such as NO and SO, have been preliminarily controlled. As a result, the reduction of VOC emissions has become a key measure for further improving air quality.

Explosive growth characteristics of 5.6-560 nm particles and deposition in human respiratory during spring in Yangtze River Delta region, China.

Studying the contribution of regional transport to ultrafine particles (UFPs) and the deposition effect of nanoscale particles in human respiratory system is conducive to exploring the impact of atmospheric particles on the environment and human health. Based on the data set of number concentration spectrum in the particle size range of 5.6-560 nm in the spring of Hefei, the Yangtze River Delta region obtained by a fast mobility particle sizer, the explosive growth characteristics, potential source identification and deposition flux analysis of UFPs were systematically studied.

Hyperspectral remote sensing for air pollutants: Stereoscopic monitoring, source localization & warning, and a dynamic emission inventory concept.

With the continuous improvement of air quality in China, the characteristics of emission sources of pollutants have changed significantly, from their distribution to emitted atmospheric species and the corresponding emission concentrations and source localization has become increasingly challenging. The localization uncertainties of in situ observations are further amplified when combined with model simulations, which seriously restricts the realization of China's strategic goal of "reducing pollution and carbon." In this study, we established a localization and emission warning scheme for emission sources based on various hyperspectral remote sensing techniques with different observation spatial resolutions.

Establishing a preoperative predictive model for gallbladder adenoma and cholesterol polyps based on machine learning: a multicentre retrospective study.

Background: With the rising diagnostic rate of gallbladder polypoid lesions (GPLs), differentiating benign cholesterol polyps from gallbladder adenomas with a higher preoperative malignancy risk is crucial. This study aimed to establish a preoperative prediction model capable of accurately distinguishing between gallbladder adenomas and cholesterol polyps using machine learning algorithms.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively analysed the patients' clinical baseline data, serological indicators, and ultrasound imaging data.

Investigating vertical distributions and photochemical indications of formaldehyde, glyoxal, and NO from MAX-DOAS observations in four typical cities of China.

Formaldehyde (HCHO), glyoxal (CHOCHO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO) are crucial in atmospheric photochemical processes at both surface and elevated altitudes. This study presents synchronous multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of the vertical distributions of summertime HCHO, CHOCHO and NO in four representative megacities within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Sichuan Basin (SB), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions of China. The vertical distributions of HCHO and CHOCHO tended to occur at higher altitudes compared to NO, influenced by both primary emissions near the ground and photochemical oxidation processes at elevated altitudes.

Long-term spatiotemporal variations of ammonia in the Yangtze River Delta region of China and its driving factors.

This study focuses on the spatiotemporal distribution, urban-rural variations, and driving factors of ammonia Vertical Column Densities (VCDs) in China's Yangtze River Delta region (YRD) from 2008 to 2020. Utilizing data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), Generalized Additive Models (GAM), and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, we observed a significant increase of NH VCDs in the YRD between 2014 and 2020. The spatial distribution analysis revealed higher NH concentrations in the northern part of the YRD region, primarily due to lower precipitation, alkaline soil, and intensive agricultural activities.

Observations of HONO and its precursors between urban and its surrounding agricultural fields: The vertical transports, sources and contribution to OH.

The insufficient study on vertical observations of main atmospheric reactive nitrogen oxides (NO and HONO) posed a great challenge to evaluate their intertransport between urban and agricultural areas, and to further learn the atmospheric nitrogen chemistry and the atmospheric oxidation capacity at high altitudes. A stereoscopic measurement campaign (satellite remote sensing, hyperspectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing and MAX-DOAS observation) was performed in a typical inland city Hefei and its surrounding agricultural fields from June to October 2022. Average aerosol vertical profiles exhibited a Gaussian shape above 100 m with maximum values of 0.

MAX-DOAS and in-situ measurements of aerosols and trace gases over Dongying, China: Insight into ozone formation sensitivity based on secondary HCHO.

This study presents a comprehensive overview of the atmospheric pollutants including Sulfur dioxide (SO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Particulate Matter PM; PM: diameter ≤ 10 µm, and PM: diameter ≤ 2.5 µm), and Ozone (O) over Dongying (Shandong Province) from March-April 2018 and September-October 2019 by employing ground-based Multiple Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations along with the in-situ measurements attained by the national air quality monitoring platform. The concentrations of SO and NO were under the acceptable level, while both PM, and PM were higher than the safe levels as prescribed by national and international air quality standards.

VOCs hyperspectral imaging: A new insight into evaluate emissions and the corresponding health risk from industries.

The harm of VOCs emitted from industries to surrounding atmospheric environment and human health was well known and had received continuous attention. In order to improve the quality of urban atmospheric environment and the living environment of urban residents, a large number of original urban industries had been relocated to economically underdeveloped suburbs, which has significantly deteriorated the atmospheric environment in these areas and brought potential health risks to local vulnerable residents, which is actually an unfair manifestation under the background of economic development and ecological civilization construction. There were many residents near industrial parks, but there was a significant lack of VOCs monitoring equipment and data.

Long-term observations of NO using GEMS in China: Validations and regional transport.

In 2019, South Korea launched the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) to observe trace gases with an hourly temporal resolution. Compared to previous payloads on polar-orbiting satellites, the GEMS payload has significant advantages in detecting the diurnal variation characteristics of NO. However, there is still a lack of ground-based validations regarding the overall accuracy of GEMS in the Chinese region.

Assessing the impact of urban form and urbanization process on tropospheric nitrogen dioxide pollution in the Yangtze River Delta, China.

Optimizing urban form through urban planning and management policies can improve air quality and transition to demand-side control. Nitrogen dioxide (NO) in the urban atmosphere, mainly emitted by anthropogenic sources such as industry and vehicles, is a key precursor of fine particles and ozone pollution. Both NO and its secondary pollutants pose health risks for humans.

Satellite spectroscopy reveals the atmospheric consequences of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war.

With increasing geopolitical conflicts and climate change, the effects of war on the atmosphere remain unclear, especially the recent large-scale war between Russia and Ukraine. Here, we assess how war affects human emission activities by observing atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO) using high-resolution satellite spectroscopy. Spatial and temporal responses of atmospheric composition to armed conflict are characterized.

Efficient dynamic channel assignment through laser chaos: a multiuser parallel processing learning algorithm.

As laser chaos has been proven to be a robust tool to solve the multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem, this study investigates the problem of multiuser dynamic channel assignment using laser chaos in cognitive radio networks with K-orthogonal channels and M secondary users. A novel dynamic channel assignment algorithm with laser chaos series for multiple users, named parallel processing learning with laser chaos (PPL-LC) algorithm, is proposed to efficiently address two main objectives: stable channel assignment and fuzzy stable channel assignment. The latter objective accounts for the realistic scenario where users have fuzzy preferences and do not necessarily pursue the best preference.

Vertical profiles of the transport fluxes of aerosol and its precursors between Beijing and its southwest cities.

The influence of regional transport on aerosol pollution has been explored in previous studies based on numerical simulation or surface observation. Nevertheless, owing to inhomogeneous vertical distribution of air pollutants, vertical observations should be conducted for a comprehensive understanding of regional transport. Here we obtained the vertical profiles of aerosol and its precursors using ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) at the Nancheng site in suburban Beijing on the southwest transport pathway of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, China, and then estimated the vertical profiles of transport fluxes in the southwest-northeast direction.

Vertical distributions and potential sources of wintertime atmospheric pollutants and the corresponding ozone production on the coast of Bohai Sea.

This study investigated the wintertime vertical distributions and source areas of aerosols, NO, and HCHO in a coastal city of Dongying from December 2020 to March 2021, using ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and a potential source contribution function (PSCF) model, respectively. Moreover, the chemical production sensitivity of O at different height layers was analyzed using HCHO/NO ratios. The results revealed that the wintertime averaged highest concentrations of aerosol (1.

Vertical distribution and temporal evolution of formaldehyde and glyoxal derived from MAX-DOAS observations: The indicative role of VOC sources.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) are important oxidization intermediates of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but their vertical evolution in urban areas is not well understood. Vertical profiles of HCHO, CHOCHO, and nitrogen dioxide (NO) were retrieved from ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations in Hefei, China. HCHO and CHOCHO vertical profiles prefer to occur at higher altitudes compared to NO, which might be caused by the photochemistry-oxidation of longer-lived VOCs at higher altitudes.

Source analysis of the tropospheric NO based on MAX-DOAS measurements in northeastern China.

Ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Max-DOAS) measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO) were continuously obtained from January to November 2019 in northeastern China (NEC). Seasonal variations in the mean NO vertical column densities (VCDs) were apparent, with a maximum of 2.9 × 10 molecules cm in the winter due to enhanced NO emissions from coal-fired winter heating, a longer photochemical lifetime and atmospheric transport.

Inferring vertical variability and diurnal evolution of O formation sensitivity based on the vertical distribution of summertime HCHO and NO in Guangzhou, China.

The vertical distributions of formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO) and their indicative roles in ozone (O) sensitivity are important for designing O mitigation strategies. Using hyperspectral remote sensing observations, tropospheric vertical profiles of HCHO, NO, and aerosol extinction were investigated in Guangzhou, China from July to September 2019. On both O non-exceedance and polluted days, the HCHO and aerosol vertical profiles exhibited similar Gaussian shapes, but the NO profile exhibited an exponential decreasing shape.

Identification of ozone sensitivity for NO and secondary HCHO based on MAX-DOAS measurements in northeast China.

In this study, tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) vertical column densities (VCDs) were measured using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) from January to November 2019 in Shenyang, Northeast China. The maximum HCHO VCD value appeared in the summer (1.74 × 10 molec/cm), due to increased photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Vertical distributions of wintertime atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and the corresponding OH radicals production in Leshan, southwest China.

Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were operated from 02 to 21 December 2018 in Leshan, southwest China, to measure HONO, NO and aerosol extinction vertical distributions, and these were the first MAX-DOAS measurement results in Sichuan Basin. During the measurement period, characteristic ranges for surface concentration were found to be 0.26-4.