Source analysis of the tropospheric NO based on MAX-DOAS measurements in northeastern China.

Ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Max-DOAS) measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO) were continuously obtained from January to November 2019 in northeastern China (NEC). Seasonal variations in the mean NO vertical column densities (VCDs) were apparent, with a maximum of 2.9 × 10 molecules cm in the winter due to enhanced NO emissions from coal-fired winter heating, a longer photochemical lifetime and atmospheric transport. Daily maximum and minimum NO VCDs were observed, independent of the season, at around 11:00 and 13:00 local time, respectively, and the most obvious increases and decreases occurred in the winter and autumn, respectively. The mean diurnal NO VCDs at 11:00 increased to at 08:00 by 1.6, 5.8, and 6.7 × 10 molecules cm in the summer, autumn and winter, respectively, due to increased NO emissions, and then decreased by 2.8, 4.2, and 5.1 × 10 molecules cm at 13:00 in the spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. This was due to strong solar radiation and increased planetary boundary layer height. There was no obvious weekend effect, and the NO VCDs only decreased by about 10% on the weekends. We evaluated the contributions of emissions and transport in the different seasons to the NO VCDs using a generalized additive model, where the contributions of local emissions to the total in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 89 ± 12%, 92 ± 11%, 86 ± 12%, and 72 ± 16%, respectively. The contribution of regional transport reached 26% in the winter, and this high contribution value was mainly correlated with the northeast wind, which was due to the transport channel of air pollutants along the Changbai Mountains in NEC. The NO/SO ratio was used to identify NO from industrial sources and vehicle exhaust. The contribution of industrial NO VCD sources was >66.3 ± 16% in Shenyang due to the large amount of coal combustion from heavy industrial activity, which emitted large amounts of NO. Our results suggest that air quality management in Shenyang should consider reductions in local NO emissions from industrial sources along with regional cooperative control.