Emerging Photoacoustic Imaging Techniques for Peripheral Arterial Disease.

Purpose Of Review: Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has emerged as a promising non-ionizing modality that leverages optical absorption contrast to provide both anatomical and functional insights into vascular health. This review examines recent advances in PAI technologies applied to the diagnosis, assessment, and management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The goal is to evaluate how emerging PAI techniques address current diagnostic limitations and to identify opportunities for clinical integration.

Direct measurement of plume velocity to characterize point source emissions.

An explosion of recent research uses remote imaging spectroscopy from aircraft and spacecraft to detect and quantify methane point source emissions. These instruments first map the methane enhancement field and then combine this information with the effective wind speed to estimate the source emission rate. This wind speed is typically the largest uncertainty in derived emission rates.

Mechanism of Mesoscale Woodpile Development via Photoelectrochemical Deposition of Se-Te.

A combination of experiments and optical modeling provided insight into the mechanism of mesoscale woodpile formation in response to an orthogonal shift in polarization during photoelectrochemical deposition of Se-Te. Cathodic deposition of semiconducting Se-Te using spatially uniform, linearly polarized illumination produced arrays of lamellae that were aligned parallel to the optical E-field oscillation. Continued deposition in conjunction with an orthogonal shift in the polarization direction then produced aligned bridging features that spanned the void space between, and were orthogonal to, the preexisting lamellae.

Deep intra-slab rupture and mechanism transition of the 2024 M 7.4 Calama earthquake.

While subduction zone hazard is dominated by the megathrust, intermediate-depth (70-300 km) earthquakes within the slab can likewise have catastrophic impacts. Their physics remains enigmatic, with suggested mechanisms including dehydration embrittlement and thermal runaway. Here, we investigate the 2024 Chile, M 7.

Perspective on Regional Sea-level Change and Coastal Impacts.

We synthesize sea-level science developments, priorities and practitioner needs at the end of the 10-year World Climate Research Program Grand Challenge 'Regional Sea-Level Change and Coastal Impacts'. Sea-level science and associated climate services have progressed but are unevenly distributed. There remains deep uncertainty concerning high-end and long-term sea-level projections due to indeterminate emissions, the ice sheet response and other climate tipping points.

Putative PINK1/Parkin activators lower the threshold for mitophagy by sensitizing cells to mitochondrial stress.

The PINK1/Parkin pathway targets damaged mitochondria for degradation via mitophagy. Genetic evidence implicates impaired mitophagy in Parkinson's disease, making its pharmacological enhancement a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we characterize two mitophagy activators: a novel Parkin activator, FB231, and the reported PINK1 activator MTK458.

Machine Learning Reconstruction of Left Ventricular Pressure From Peripheral Waveforms.

Background: Left ventricular (LV) pressure measurement is the clinical gold standard for assessing cardiac function; however, its reliance on invasive catheterization limits accessibility and widespread use.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a cuff-based machine learning (cuff-ML) approach for reconstructing LV pressure from noninvasive brachial waveforms as a bedside assessment of cardiac function.

Methods: Subjects referred for nonemergent left heart catheterization were recruited for LV pressure and brachial cuff waveform measurement.

Designing Hall crystals with variable Chern numbers.

Topological electronic crystals are electron crystals in which spontaneously broken translation symmetry coexists with or gives rise to a nontrivial topological response. Here, we introduce a novel platform and analytical theory for realizing interaction-induced Hall crystals, a class of topological electronic crystals, with various Chern numbers C. The platform consists of a two-dimensional semiconductor subjected to an out-of-plane magnetic field and one-dimensional modulation, which can be realized by moiré or dielectric engineering.

Probiotic acoustic biosensors for noninvasive imaging of gut inflammation.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affect millions of people globally, result in severe symptoms, and are difficult to diagnose and monitor - often necessitating the use of invasive and costly methods such as colonoscopies or endoscopies. Engineered gut bacteria offer a promising alternative due to their ability to persist in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and sense and respond to specific environmental signals. However, probiotics that have previously been engineered to report on inflammatory and other disease biomarkers in the Gl tract rely on fluorescent or bioluminescent reporters, whose signals cannot be resolved in situ due to the poor penetration of light in tissue, or on colorimetric reporters which rely on plating feces.

Efficient stem cell-derived mouse embryo models for environmental studies.

Blastoids are stem cell-derived structures that mimic natural blastocysts by incorporating all three lineages: trophectoderm, epiblast, and primitive endoderm. However, current methods often yield incomplete structures that fail to cavitate or to form a proper primitive endoderm. To overcome these limitations, we develop a modular approach by aggregating three murine stem cell types: embryonic stem cells (ESCs), ESCs with inducible GATA4 expression (iG4-ESCs), and trophoblast stem cells (TSCs).

Nucleotide- and metalloid-driven conformational changes in the arsenite efflux ATPase ArsA.

Arsenite (As) is toxic to all organisms due to its ability to tightly bind exposed thiols within cells. An important As resistance mechanism in prokaryotes involves proteins encoded by the operon. A central component of the operon in many bacteria is the cytoplasmic ATPase, ArsA, which orchestrates a series of nucleotide-dependent handoffs, starting with the capture of As by the ArsD metallochaperone and culminating in its removal from the cell by the ArsB efflux pump.

A plea for academic truth.

In her book Why trust Science?, Naomi Oreskes examines the question of what it means to say that "science corrects itself", highlighting the importance of the social process of science and specifically the importance of scientists challenging each other in the pursuit of truth. In a recent preprint, a colleague and I did exactly that, reviewing a corpus of work by Australian neuroethologist Mandyam Srinivasan and identifying numerous problems across ten of his papers, including several instances of identical data being reported for different experiments. In a recent editorial, Eric Warrant dismisses our critiques of Srinivasan's work as "sloppiness all of us are capable of", and instead focuses on attacking us, sometimes conflating criticisms of others of Srinivasan's work with ours.

Activation of the β-adrenoceptor by formoterol induces calcium-dependent exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junction in a sex-specific manner.

Increasing evidence suggests that the sympathetic nervous system profoundly interacts with skeletal muscle, influencing both muscle fiber function and composition. β-ARs, the predominant adrenergic receptor subtype in muscle fibers, have been shown to enhance protein synthesis, reduce protein degradation, facilitate muscle contraction and relaxation, and improve neuromuscular junction (NMJ) transmission upon activation. In this study, we investigated the effects of Formoterol, a highly selective β-adrenoceptors (β-AR) agonist, on the presynaptic terminal of motor neurons.

Seismic evidence for a highly heterogeneous martian mantle.

A planet's interior is a time capsule, preserving clues to its early history. We report the discovery of kilometer-scale heterogeneities throughout Mars' mantle, detected seismically through pronounced wavefront distortion of energy arriving from deeply probing marsquakes. These heterogeneities, likely remnants of the planet's formation, imply a mantle that has undergone limited mixing driven by sluggish convection.

Illuminating the universe of enzyme catalysis in the era of artificial intelligence.

Scientific research has revealed only a minuscule fraction of the enzymes that evolution has generated to power life's essential chemical reactions-and an even tinier fraction of the vast universe of possible enzymes. Beyond the enzymes already annotated lie an astronomical number of biocatalysts that could enable sustainable chemical production, degrade toxic pollutants, and advance disease diagnosis and treatment. For the past few decades, directed evolution has been a powerful strategy for reshaping enzymes to access new chemical transformations: by harnessing nature's existing diversity as a starting point and taking inspiration from nature's most powerful design process, evolution, to modify enzymes incrementally.

Combining Observations and Models: A Review of the CARDAMOM Framework for Data-Constrained Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling.

The rapid increase in the volume and variety of terrestrial biosphere observations (i.e., remote sensing data and in situ measurements) offers a unique opportunity to derive ecological insights, refine process-based models, and improve forecasting for decision support.

Universality of Rényi Entropy in Conformal Field Theory.

We use the thermal effective theory to prove that, for the vacuum state in any conformal field theory in d dimensions, the nth Rényi entropy S_{A}^{(n)} behaves as S_{A}^{(n)}=[f/(2πn)^{d-1}][Area(∂A)/(d-2)ε^{d-2}](1+O(n)) in the n→0 limit when the boundary of the entanglement domain A is spherical with the UV cutoff ε. The theory dependence is encapsulated in the cosmological constant f in the thermal effective action. Using this result, we estimate the density of states for large eigenvalues of the modular Hamiltonian for the domain A.

Search for a Neutral Gauge Boson with Nonuniversal Fermion Couplings in Vector Boson Fusion Processes in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV.

The first search for a heavy neutral spin-1 gauge boson (Z^{'}) with nonuniversal fermion couplings produced via vector boson fusion processes and decaying to tau leptons or W bosons is presented. The analysis is performed using LHC data at sqrt[s]=13  TeV, collected from 2016 to 2018 with the CMS experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138  fb^{-1}. The data are consistent with the standard model predictions.

EMC Effect of Tritium and Helium-3 from the JLab MARATHON Experiment.

Measurements of the EMC effect in the tritium and helium-3 mirror nuclei are reported. The data were obtained by the MARATHON Jefferson Lab experiment, which performed deep inelastic electron scattering from deuterium and the three-body nuclei, using a cryogenic gas target system and the high resolution spectrometers of the Hall A Facility of the Lab. The data cover the Bjorken x range from 0.

Development of conditional-siRNA programmable riboswitch for targeting adverse cardiac remodeling.

Heart failure (HF) remains a significant healthcare burden, with an unmet need for novel therapies to target the preceding pathological hypertrophy in HF patients. Here we report the development of novel conditional-siRNA (-siRNA) constructs that are selectively activated by disease-specific RNA biomarkers to enable cell-specific inhibition of a target disease-causing RNA. We designed a -siRNA that can be activated by mRNA, upregulated specifically in cardiomyocytes (CMs) under pathological stress, to silence the key pro-hypertrophic gene calcineurin (CaN) A-a by the effector small interfering RNA (siRNA).

JWST Observations of Segregated CO and CO Ices in Protostellar Envelopes.

The evolution of interstellar ices can be studied with thermal tracers such as the vibrational modes of CO ice that show great diversity depending on their local chemical and thermal environment. Now with the wide spectral coverage and sensitivity of the James Webb Space Telescope we can obtain observations of the weak and strong CO absorption features inhabiting the near- and mid-infrared spectral region. In this work we present observations of the 15.

Genomes of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum and its associated bacteria.

As an entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Steinernema hermaphroditum parasitizes insect hosts and harbors symbiotic Xenorhabdus griffinae bacteria. In contrast to other Steinernematids, S. hermaphroditum has hermaphroditic genetics, offering the experimental scope found in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Light-Promoted C(sp)-C(sp) Reductive Elimination from Dialkyl Ni Complexes.

Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling is a powerful strategy to forge C(sp)-C(sp) bonds. Typically, to do so requires overcoming a challenging C-C bond-forming reductive elimination, often enabled by the intermediacy of highly oxidized Ni species or outer-sphere processes. While direct C(sp)-C(sp) reductive elimination from the Ni base oxidation state is normally thermally inaccessible, light-activation provides an avenue to affect such transformations.

Redox conduction facilitates direct interspecies electron transport in anaerobic methanotrophic consortia.

Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) form syntrophic partnerships in marine sediments to consume greenhouse gas methane. While direct interspecies electron transport is proposed to enable ANME/SRB symbiosis, its electrochemical properties remain uncharacterized. Here, using sediment-free enrichment cultures, we measured the electron transport capabilities of marine consortia under physiological conditions.

Optical focusing into scattering media via iterative time reversal guided by absorption nonlinearity.

Guide star-assisted time-reversal enables deep optical focusing in scattering media such as biological tissue, overcoming the diffusion limit of light. However, in practice, guide stars formed using contrast agents or ultrasonic modulation naturally occupy regions much larger than the optical resolution, thus limiting their effectiveness. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a time-reversal focusing mechanism in scattering media that achieves focusing to a single speckle grain without the need for point-like guide stars.