Cost-Effectiveness of Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy and Its Impact on Birth Outcomes.

Importance: For the first time in nearly 2 decades, the US infant mortality rate has increased, coinciding with a rise in overdose-related deaths as a leading cause of pregnancy-associated mortality in some states. Prematurity and low birth weight-often linked to opioid use in pregnancy-are major contributors.

Objective: To assess the health and economic impact of perinatal opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment on maternal and postpartum health, infant health in the first year of life, and infant long-term health.

Social Participation and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults.

Importance: Previous studies have suggested that social participation helps prevent depression among older adults. However, evidence is lacking about whether the preventive benefits vary among individuals and who would benefit most.

Objective: To examine the sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related heterogeneity in the association between social participation and depressive symptoms among older adults and to identify the individual characteristics among older adults expected to benefit the most from social participation.

Prescription of lipid-lowering drugs and their association with hospitalization for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Germany in 2010-2022.

Objectives: We investigated changes in lipid-lowering drug prescriptions in Germany as a whole and in the 16 federal states over the last 13 years and their association with hospitalization rates for acute myocardial infarction.

Design: Ecological study.

Setting: Nationwide German hospitalization, Diagnosis-Related Groups Statistic.

Impact of Intersecting Identities on Student Well-being.

John is a 12-year-old African-American boy with a Specific Learning Disorder in Reading and Generalized Anxiety Disorder who you are seeing in follow-up at your clinic. Last fall, when John was having an escalation of his anxiety symptoms at school, he enacted the behavior intervention plan (BIP) that had been previously established by his educational team of informing his teacher that he needed to leave the classroom. He then paced the hallway outside of his classroom as a method of coping with the anxiety that he was experiencing.

Metabolic biochemical models of N fixation for sulfide oxidizers, methanogens, and methanotrophs.

Dinitrogen (N) fixation provides bioavailable nitrogen to the biosphere. However, in some habitats (e.g.

Optimizing care transitions to post-acute care following hospitalization for people with opioid use disorder.

Background And Objectives: Increased referrals to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) from hospitalized people with opioid use disorder (OUD) carry risk for financial, safety, and legal consequences for poor transitions in care. We aimed to better understand the hospital to SNF referral process and identify opportunities to improve transitions and care for people with OUD, an increasing share of whom are older adults.

Research Design And Methods: Participants included administrative, executive leadership, and clinical staff involved in SNF admission decisions across the United States.

Micromechanics of lung capillaries across mouse lifespan and in positive- vs negative-pressure ventilation.

The lung undergoes continuous remodeling throughout normal development and aging, including changes to alveolar and capillary structure and function. While histological methods allow for static analysis of these age-related changes, characterizing the changes that occur in response to mechanical stimuli remains difficult, particularly over a dynamic, physiologically relevant range in a functioning lung. Alveolar and capillary distension - the change in diameter of alveoli and capillaries, respectively, in response to pressure changes - is one such process, where dynamically controlling and monitoring the diameter of the same capillary or alveolus is essential to inferring its mechanical properties.

Associations of cardiovascular health with arterial health in adults free of cardiovascular disease.

Background: In adults without cardiovascular disease (CVD), there is limited understanding of the association between overall cardiovascular health (CVH) and arterial health.

Methods: In 2330 Framingham Heart Study Offspring participants free of CVD (60±9 years; 57% women) with Life's Essential 8 (LE8) and applanation tonometry data (Exam 7), we calculated CVH scores per American Heart Association's LE8 guidelines. Multivariable-adjusted regression analyses examined the relations of LE8 with aortic stiffness and pressure pulsatility [negative inverse carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (niCFPWV), central pulse pressure (CPP), respectively], and examined effect modification by age and sex.

Homeostatic forces underlying the daily pattern of sleep propensity.

The mismatch between rising sleep need and the fluctuating ability to fall asleep underlies insomnia-the most common sleep disorder-yet remains poorly understood. While sleep need increases steadily with time awake, sleep propensity-the likelihood of transitioning from wake to sleep-follows a bimodal pattern, peaking in the mid-afternoon, dipping in the evening, and rising again near bedtime. Building on our previously developed wave model of sleep dynamics, we extend this homeostatic framework to the waking period and show that it predicts the observed bimodal sleep propensity curve.

Impact of Caregiver Status on Academic Achievements and Family-Work Conflict: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of US Neurology Faculty.

Background And Objectives: With more women entering the medical workforce, caregiving challenges and family-work conflicts are of growing importance to today's neurologists. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of caregiver (CG) status on academic achievements in neurology, analyze the division of labor and time devoted to domestic responsibilities, and measure family-work conflict in US academic neurology faculty.

Methods: A total of 19 US neurology departments completed a survey on baseline demographics, academic achievements, CG status, division of domestic time and labor, and responses on a FWC scale.

High-density multidistance fNIRS enhances detection of brain activity during a word-color Stroop task.

Significance: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables neuroimaging in scenarios where other modalities are less suitable, such as during motion tasks or in low-resource environments. Sparse fNIRS arrays with 30 mm channel spacing are widely used but have limited spatial resolution. High-density (HD) arrays with overlapping, multidistance channels improve sensitivity and localization but increase costs and setup times.

Diagnosing prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal alcohol syndrome in military-connected children: Insights from US military data claims, 2016-2023.

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) during gestation. Conservative estimates of FASD prevalence in United States children are 1%-5%. Early identification could facilitate early intervention, yet fewer than 1% of children with FASD receive a diagnosis.

Supporting decision making for individuals living with dementia and their care partners with knowledge translation: An umbrella review.

Living with dementia requires decision making about numerous topics including daily activities and advance care planning (ACP). Both individuals living with dementia and care partners require informed support for decision making. We conducted an umbrella review to assess knowledge translation (KT) interventions supporting decision making for individuals living with dementia and their informal care partners.

Does hsCRP provide insights into an inflammatory phenotype of knee osteoarthritis?

Objective: Posthoc analysis of a canakinumab trial showed a risk reduction of joint replacement in participants with cardiac disease and elevated hsCRP (≥2mg/dL). We determined if hsCRP could serve as a marker to identify an inflammatory OA phenotype characterized by intra-articular synovitis.

Method: We used data from the NIH-funded MOST Study, where participants had baseline knee MRIs and hsCRP assays.

Associations between PM from prescribed burning and emergency department visits in 11 Southeastern US states.

Longer, more severe wildfire seasons are becoming the norm in fire-prone areas. Prescribed burning is a tool used to mitigate wildfire spread. However, prescribed burning also contributes to air pollution, including PM (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <= 2.

MRI versus radiography as eligibility screening tool for knee osteoarthritis clinical trials: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of knee structural pathologies that may warrant exclusion from disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD) trials, based on MRI versus radiography, among participants who would otherwise be considered eligible for enrollment based on commonly used radiographic inclusionary criteria.

Methods: We selected participants from the baseline visit of the Osteoarthritis Initiative that met radiographic structural and clinical eligibility criteria for a DMOAD clinical trial: Radiographic OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or 3 with medial minimum joint space width ≥ 1.5 mm); and WOMAC knee pain score between 8 and 18 (0-20 scale).

Training Volume and Training Frequency Changes Associated with Boston Marathon Race Performance.

Background: Physical training influences competitive marathon performance, including training volume and training frequency changes (TFCs) pre-race. Training intensity distribution (i.e.

Points-Based Health Incentive Program and Subsequent Health and Well-Being in Japan: An Outcome-Wide Approach.

Background: Evidence remains inadequate regarding the benefits of incentive programs promoting healthy activities, particularly among older adults. This longitudinal study examined the associations of participation in the points-based health incentive program with an array of subsequent health and well-being outcomes, including ones the program did not explicitly incentivize, among older adults in Japan.

Participants And Setting: We used three-wave data (2020, 2021, and 2022) from Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (n = 2504), a cohort study of functionally independent individuals aged ≥ 65 years.

Relationship Between State Policies Targeting Unethical Treatment Practices and Opioid-Related Outcomes: An Event Study Analysis.

Objectives: To estimate the effect of the passage of state laws targeting patient brokering on opioid-related outcomes.

Background: In response to growing awareness of unethical substance use disorder (SUD) treatment practices, several states in the United States have passed laws targeting patient brokering and deceptive marketing. Patient brokering and deceptive marketing laws are intended to reduce the chances individuals with SUD interact with bad actors or suffer from adverse outcomes related to inappropriate SUD treatment, but the effectiveness of these laws is unknown.

Comparison of Short- and Long-Term Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Tools in US Young Adults.

Background: In 2023, the American Heart Association published the Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Events (PREVENT) equations for estimating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in adults aged 30 to 79 years. We compared PREVENT's performance with existing US guideline recommended models-Pooled Cohort Equations for 10-year ASCVD risk and FHS (Framingham Heart Study) equations for 30-year ASCVD risk-among young adults.

Methods: We analyzed adults aged 20 to 39 years without baseline ASCVD from 2 sources: (1) pooled data from 2 large epidemiologic cohorts (CARDIA [Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults] and FHS, n=7763), and (2) electronic health records from Kaiser Permanente Southern California (n=266 378).

Upper Extremity Arteriovenous Grafts are Less likely to be Abandoned Compared to Autogenous Fistulas Despite a Higher Reintervention Rate.

Objective: Upper-extremity arteriovenous (AV) access often requires re-intervention. However, the frequency of re-interventions and subsequent access failure is not well-characterized. Our goal was to evaluate the frequency and type of re-interventions, risk-factors, and outcomes after AV access creation.

Hemodynamic Effects of Guideline-Based Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Adults: A Multicenter Observational Analysis.

Importance: Propofol is a first-line sedative for adults receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). However, it can contribute to hemodynamic instability, especially during intubation. The magnitude, timing, risk factors, and variability of sedation-associated mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes remain poorly characterized in ICU settings.

Practice effects on digital cognitive assessment tools: insights from the defense automated neurobehavioral assessment battery.

Introduction: Digital cognitive assessments offer a promising approach to monitoring cognitive impairments, but repeated use can introduce practice effects, potentially masking changes in cognitive status. We evaluated practice effects using the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA), a digital battery designed for cognitive monitoring.

Methods: We analyzed data from 116 participants from the Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, comparing response times across two DANA sessions, around 90 days apart, while controlling for cognitive status, sex, age, and education.

Working across religions, cultures, settings, and development: Protocol for wave 2 data collection with children and parents by the developing belief network.

The Developing Belief Network is a global research collaborative studying religious development in diverse social-cultural settings, with a focus on the intersection of cognitive mechanisms and cultural beliefs and practices in early and middle childhood. The current manuscript describes the study protocol for the network's second wave of data collection, which aims to further explore the development and diversity of religious cognition and behavior using a multi-time point approach. This protocol is designed to investigate three key research questions-how children represent and reason about religious and supernatural agents, how children represent and reason about religion as an aspect of social identity, and how religious and supernatural beliefs are transmitted within and between generations-via a set of eight tasks for children between the ages of 5 and 13 years and a survey completed by their parents/caregivers.