A Toxin of Valsa mali Determines Virulence and Host Preference.

Through co-evolutionary adaptation, phytopathogenic fungi have evolved specialised host preference mechanisms to optimise infection efficacy. Fungi of the Valsa genus infect various Rosaceae fruit trees, with Valsa mali exhibiting a marked host preference for apple trees, while Valsa pyri preferentially colonises pear trees. The divergent secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (SMBGCs) between these two species may serve as key determinants of their distinct host preferences.

Integrated widely targeted metabolomics and flavoromics reveal processing-driven dynamic changes in functional metabolites of leaf tea.

This study employed a widely targeted metabolomics approach combined with flavoromics evaluation to systematically analyze dynamic metabolic variations under four processing techniques: fresh EUL (XY), traditionally dried EUL (HG), green tea processed EUL (GT), and black tea processed EUL (BT). A total of 1839 non-volatile metabolites and 289 volatile metabolites were identified. Key affected metabolites included amino acids (e.

Obscuroside E: A Novel Alkaloid Glycoside from as an Insecticide Lead Candidate against and .

To discover insecticide lead compounds from the insecticidal plant , a new alkaloid glycoside obscuroside E () and 17 known compounds (-) were identified from and var. . Compound displayed remarkable oral toxicities against () and () with half-lethal concentration (LC) values of 0.

A Stem-Specific Cell Death-Inducing Cyclo-Dipeptide From Woody Plant Pathogen Valsa mali Modulates Plant Immune Response.

Apple Valsa canker, caused by the pathogen Valsa mali, is a severe disease which specifically manifests itself on apple twigs and bark but not on leaves, and it affects apple production. In this study, we report the discovery and characterization of a stem-specific cell death-inducing peptide named SDP1, synthesized by an non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS)-like gene (VM1G_01528), designated as SDG1. The gene is located in secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster 4 on chromosome 2 of V.

Transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the resistance of Penaeus vannamei to Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP).

The Penaeus vannamei aquaculture industry is facing a significant challenge in the form of hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), resulting in substantial economic losses. However, the extent of knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which shrimp resist EHP is limited. We screened resistant and susceptible shrimp and found that resistant shrimp had lower EHP load and less tissue damage.

Two Polyketide Synthase Genes, and , Regulated by VpLaeA Are Essential to the Virulence of .

, the causal agent of pear canker disease, typically induces cankers on the bark of infected trees and even leads to tree mortality. Secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic fungi play a crucial role in the pathogenic process. In this study, secondary metabolic regulator VpLaeA was identified in .

High Value-Added Application of Natural Products in Crop Protection: Discovery and Exploration of Caffeoyl and Flavonoid Derivatives from DC. as Novel Insecticide Candidates.

Nine caffeoyl derivatives (), including two new dicaffeoyl glycosides, brevicaudatosides A and B ( and ), and six flavonoids (), were identified from overground DC. Compounds and exhibited significant oral toxicities against Harris with LC (half-lethal concentration) values of 0.12 and 0.

Discovery of New Botanical Insecticides: Identification and Insecticidal Activity of Saponins from Maxim and Insights into the Stress Response of Harris.

To discover new botanical products-based insecticide candidates, 14 triterpenoid saponins (-) including four new ones, obscurosides A-D (-), were isolated from Maxim as potential agrochemicals against Harris and (L.). Compounds - were characterized by a rare ribose substitution at C-3, and was a bidesmoside glycosylated at the rare C-23 and C-28 positions of the oleanane aglycone.

Streptothricin-F Inhibition of FtsZ Function: A Promising Approach for Controlling pv. .

pv. () is a significant pathogenic bacterium affecting the kiwifruit industry. This study investigated the target sites of streptothricin-F (ST-F), produced by gCLA4.

Size Switchable Self-Assembled Iron Oxide Aggregations Loaded with Doxorubicin for Deep Penetration and Enhanced Chemotherapy of Cancer.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) have been reported to be a promising agent for cancer therapy due to their outstanding ability in catalyzing the Fenton reaction and causing peroxidation. Generally, particles with size of hundreds of nanometers exhibit enhanced accumulation in tumor due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect. However, the large size hinders penetration within the dense collagen matrix.

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Ep-M17 on growth, immunity and intestinal microbiota of Penaeus vannamei under Microcystin-LR stress.

Microcystins (MCs) are biologically active cyclic heptapeptide compounds released by cyanobacteria in water bodies, and MC-LR is one of the most widespread and toxic isoforms. It frequently poses a serious threat to Penaeus vannamei aquaculture. Our previous study revealed that the supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum Ep-M17 has a probiotic effect on P.

Development of a potential primary method for protein quantification via electrospray differential mobility analysis.

Accurate protein quantification is the basis for establishing the metrological traceability of in vitro diagnostics or drug products. In this study, we established and validated a potential primary method for protein quantification based on electrospray-differential mobility analysis coupled with a condensation particle counter (ES-DMA-CPC). The analytical performance of this method was assessed using the certified reference material NIMCmAb, and the uncertainty of measurement was evaluated.

Paenibacillus polymyxa YLC1: a promising antagonistic strain for biocontrol of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, causing kiwifruit bacterial canker.

Background: Kiwifruit bacterial canker (KBC) caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the main limiting factor in the kiwifruit industry. This study aimed to identify bacterial strains with antagonistic activity against Psa, analyze antagonistically active substances and provide a new basis for the biological control of KBC.

Rare Caulamidine Hexacyclic Alkaloids from the Marine Ascidian sp.

Two new caulamidines C () and D () and three isocaulamidines B, C, and D (, , and ) along with the known compound caulamidine B () were isolated from the marine ascidian sp. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Isocaulamidines have an altered pattern of -methyl substitution (N-15 vs N-13 in the caulamidines) with a concomitant double-bond rearrangement to provide a new C-14/N-13 imine functionality.

Cell-Membrane-Coated Cationic Nanoparticles Disguised as Macrophages for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. In this process, innate immune cells play a crucial role in recognizing the stimuli (free fatty acid, lipopolysaccharide, and cytokines) and mediating the inflammatory response, contributing to the development of T2DM. Neutralizing inflammatory cytokines and blocking the inflammation cascade provide great potential for the treatment of T2DM.

Identification of azukisapogenol triterpenoid saponins from Oxytropis hirta Bunge and their aphicidal activities against pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris.

Background: Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris is the most destructive pest worldwide because of its ability to feed on plants directly and transmit plant viruses as a vector. This study aims to identify triterpenoid saponins from Oxytropis hirta Bunge as biopesticides to control aphids.

Results: Three new azukisapogenol triterpenoid saponins (1-3), a new pinoresinol lignan glycoside (8), and four known saponins (4-7) were identified from the root of O.

Dentithecamides A-H, Diacylated Zoanthoxanthin Derivatives with PAX3-FOXO1 Inhibitory Activity from the Hydroid .

Chemical investigation of the marine hydroid led to the identification of eight new diacylated zoanthoxanthin alkaloids, named dentithecamides A-H (-), along with three previously reported analogues, zoamides B-D (-). The structures of compounds - were elucidated by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses, including IR, HRESIMS, and NMR experiments, and by comparison with literature data. Compounds - are the first zoanthoxanthin alkaloids to be reported from a hydroid.

Appropriate Size of FeO Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy by Ferroptosis.

Iron oxide nanoparticles can induce cell death due to the ferroptosis mechanism, showing a great potential for cancer therapy. Here, we synthesized different-sized iron oxide nanoparticles (2-100 nm) to investigate their antitumor effect and toxicity mechanism. It was found that ultrasmall nanoparticles (< ∼5 nm) could accumulate in nucleus and were more efficient in triggering the generation of OH than larger nanoparticles due to the quicker release of Fe, thus exhibiting more remarkable cytotoxicity.

Ethyl Phloretate and Ethyl -Coumarate: Two Phytotoxins from and Their Pathogenic Activities.

, the causal agent of apple Valsa canker, produces several phytotoxic metabolites to promote infection. Bioassay and H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-guided isolation from the culture filtrate of strain 03-8 led to the identification of seven compounds including three unreported ones, ethyl phloretate (1), ethyl -coumarate (2), and 1--hydroxybenzoyl glycerol (3). Compounds 1 and 2 produced significant phytotoxicity, with average lesion areas of 6.

Identification of anti-TMV active flavonoid glycosides and their mode of action on virus particles from Clematis lasiandra Maxim.

Background: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a disreputable plant pathogen that causes a decline in the quality and yield of various economic crops. Natural products are important potential sources of biopesticides to control TMV. This study focuses on the discovery of anti-TMV active flavonoid glycosides and their mode of action on TMV particles from Clematis lasiandra Maxim.

HO signaling modulates Glycoprotein-1 induced programmed cell death in tobacco suspension cells.

Glycoprotein (GP)-1 is a glycoprotein elicitor with antiviral activity found in Streptomyces kanasensis zx01. GP-1 can induce programmed cell death (PCD) in vitro; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that GP-1 induced PCD in tobacco suspension cells, which was modulated by hydrogen peroxide (HO).

New 8-O-4' Neolignans and Their Antibacterial Activity from the Whole Plants of .

Four new 8-O-4' neolignans, characterized at methoxy or ethoxy groups substituted at C-7, namely, (±) lasiandranins A-D (-), and two known analogs (±) pinnatifidanin BV () and (±) pinnatifidanin BVI () were isolated from the whole plants of Maxim. The structures of - were determined by spectroscopic methods including 1D, 2D NMR, ECD, and HRESIMS analysis. Compounds and were determined as configuration, while - and were determined as configuration based on the chemical shift difference of H-9a and H-9b in CDOD.

The antifeedant, insecticidal and insect growth inhibitory activities of triterpenoid saponins from Clematis aethusifolia Turcz against Plutella xylostella (L.).

Background: The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a global insect pest of crops, leading to a reduction of agricultural products in productivity and quality. Plant saponins are rich sources for the discovery of candidates to control insect pests.