Prospective study of circulating metabolomic profiles and breast cancer incidence among predominantly premenopausal women.

Background: Associations between premenopausal plasma metabolites and breast cancer incidence are largely unknown.

Methods: We conducted a prospective, matched case-control study in which we measured pre-diagnostic metabolomic profiles among predominantly premenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study II (n = 2010). Lipids, carbohydrates, and organic acid-related metabolites (n = 218) were profiled via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Association of Healthy Predominantly Plant-Based Diet with Reduced Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and Mortality and Development of Novel Heart-Protective Diet Index.

Previous research examining the effects of omnivorous and plant-based diets on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes has produced inconsistent findings, and the importance of diet quality is overlooked. Our study aimed to develop a novel heart-protective diet index to assess the association of a high-quality, predominantly plant-based diet-including fish, eggs, and low-fat dairy products-with CVD incidence and mortality. This study included 192,274 participants in the UK Biobank (mean age: 56.

APOE-ε4-Dependent Associations between Carotenoids and Cognitive Decline: Findings from the MIND Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention is a public health priority, yet the impact of dietary carotenoids on cognitive decline, particularly in APOE-ε4 carriers, remains unclear.

Objective: To examine whether the APOE-ε4 genotype modifies the relationship between blood carotenoid levels and global cognition.

Methods: This study was conducted within the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) trial, a three-year randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of the MIND diet with usual diet on global cognition in older adults.

Interplay of genetic predisposition, plasma metabolome and Mediterranean diet in dementia risk and cognitive function.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementias (AD/ADRD) have a substantial genetic basis, with APOE4 homozygotes increasingly recognized as a distinct genetic subtype. To identify genotype-specific metabolic pathways and modifiable risk factors, we integrated genetic, plasma metabolomic and dietary data from 4,215 women and 1,490 men in prospective cohorts. Here we show that the associations of 57 metabolites with dementia risk varied by APOE4 genotype or other AD/ADRD risk variants.

Ultra-processed Foods and Diet Quality in Association With Long-term Weight Change and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-A Prospective Study.

Objective: We examined the associations of overall and group-specific ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption with long-term weight change and type 2 diabetes (T2D) progression following gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-complicated pregnancies.

Research Design And Methods: We included 4,207 women with a history of GDM from the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2021). UPF intake (servings/day) was assessed via food frequency questionnaires every 4 years and quantified per the NOVA classification.

Total and specific potato intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three US cohort studies and a substitution meta-analysis of prospective cohorts.

Objectives: To investigate the associations between total and individual potato intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), estimate the effect on T2D risk of replacing potatoes with whole grains and other major carbohydrate sources, and conduct a dose-response and substitution meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Design: Prospective cohort study and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Setting: Individual participant data from Nurses' Health Study (1984-2020), Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2021), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2018).

Long-Term Adherence to Modifiable Factors and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Women with prior gestational diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but whether and to what extent this risk is modifiable is unknown.

Methods: NHSII (Nurses' Health Study II) participants (N=4355), who reported a gestational diabetes diagnosis between 1989 and 2001 and were free of type 2 diabetes, CVD, and cancer at baseline were included. Incident CVD included nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease, nonfatal/fatal stroke, angiographically confirmed angina, and coronary revascularizations.

Polygenic prediction of body mass index and obesity through the life course and across ancestries.

Polygenic scores (PGSs) for body mass index (BMI) may guide early prevention and targeted treatment of obesity. Using genetic data from up to 5.1 million people (4.

Regular aspirin use, breast tumor characteristics and long-term breast cancer survival.

Epidemiologic data, supported by experiments, suggest aspirin may improve survival in breast cancer patients. However, recent trials reported a lack of protection, though the length of intervention was limited. Among 10,705 stages I-III breast cancer patients in the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS/NHSII), we examined the associations between post-diagnostic aspirin use and long-term breast cancer survival.

Adherence to the EAT-Lancet Planetary Health Diet and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study.

Background: The global food system significantly impacts environmental and human health, contributing to substantial greenhouse gas emissions.

Objective: We examined associations between a novel Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) that reflects adherence to the EAT-Lancet recommendations and cardiometabolic risk in a cohort of South Asians.

Methods: We analyzed data from MASALA study participants with baseline ( = 891) and 5-y follow-up ( = 735) data.

Climate Change and Cancer Risk: Connections with Physical Activity, Diet, and Adiposity.

Climate change and its environmental consequences have broadly influenced human health, including the direct effects of climate-related environmental exposures increasing cancer risk. In this review, we summarize evidence and make inferences on the indirect impact of climate change on cancer etiology through three interrelated cancer risk factors-physical activity, diet, and adiposity-and how these, in turn, may have downstream effects on cancer risk. Moreover, we highlight ways in which climate change will likely exacerbate existing cancer disparities through these three cancer risk factors.

Development and Validation of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) for Children 24 to 59 Months of Age.

Objectives: To develop the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) for children aged 24-59 months and evaluate its performance in predicting outcomes related to nutrient adequacy and diet-related noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk.

Background: The GDQS is a food-based metric developed and validated for capturing diets' contributions to nutrient adequacy and NCD risk among adult men and nonpregnant and nonlactating women aged ≥15 years globally. Despite the importance of ensuring healthy diets in preschool children and the need for systematic monitoring, no food-based metrics exist that holistically measure diet quality among children aged 24-59 months in diverse populations.

Validation of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) Among Children 10 to 14 Years of Age.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the performance of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) in predicting nutrient intake and health outcomes among children aged 10-14 years old in Mexico, the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. For comparison, we evaluated other dietary metrics (Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women [MDD-W], the Global Dietary Recommendations score [GDR], and the Healthy Eating Index-2020 [HEI-2020]).

Background: Given the magnitude of the health burden associated with all forms of malnutrition, monitoring dietary quality is fundamental to improving global health.

Comparing the Metagenomic Performance of Stools Collected from Custom Cards and 95% Ethanol in Epidemiologic Studies.

Background: Stool cards have been used for microbiome assessment in epidemiologic studies.

Methods: We compared shotgun metagenomic sequencing from 32 participants who self-collected stool samples from the same bowel movement using a custom stool card versus a collection tube with 95% ethanol fixative in the Nurses' Health Study II. We evaluated the agreement between methods at both the whole-community and individual species levels.

Dietary Carbohydrate Intake, Carbohydrate Quality, and Healthy Aging in Women.

Importance: Dietary carbohydrate quality is inversely associated with risks of chronic disease and all-cause mortality. However, limited evidence exists regarding the role of carbohydrate quality and dietary carbohydrate types in promoting healthy aging.

Objective: To evaluate the long-term role of dietary carbohydrate intake and carbohydrate quality in healthy aging.

Three decades of the Mediterranean diet pyramid: A narrative review of its history, evolution, and advances.

Background: The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) pyramid was officially published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 1995. Since then, our understanding of the role of the MedDiet and its role in reducing risk of chronic diseases has grown substantially.

Objectives: This article aims to provide a narrative review of the historical context of the MedDiet and its environmental impact, summarize health-related evidence from the past 3 decades, and explore its practical applications and cultural adaptations.

Duration and type of statin use and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes among men and women with hypercholesterolaemia: findings from three prospective cohorts.

Aims/hypothesis: Findings from RCTs and observational studies indicate a positive association between statin use and risk of type 2 diabetes. Mendelian randomisation studies provide evidence to support that the effect is causal. However, little is known about the long-term effects, and data on different types of statins remain limited.

Dietary Factors and Cognitive Function: with a Focus on Subjective Cognitive Decline.

Purpose Of The Review: Age-related cognitive decline is an important global challenge. Substantial evidence suggests that diet may prevent or delay cognitive aging. This narrative review examines recent literature on how dietary factors influence cognitive function, with a focus on subjective cognitive decline (SCD).

Wash-in and washout effects: mitigating bias in short term dietary and other trials.

Short term trials with surrogate measures instead of hard outcomes are often used to study chronic diseases. The effects of an intervention may, however, take time to develop and persist after discontinuation, producing wash-in and washout effects that threaten trial validity. This problem, especially involving carryover effects in crossover trials, is well recognized in the pharmacology and statistics literature but commonly disregarded in some areas of non-pharmaceutical research.

Central and peripheral adiposity and premenopausal breast cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 440,179 women.

Background: Among premenopausal women, higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with lower breast cancer risk, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Investigating adiposity distribution may help clarify impacts on breast cancer risk. This study was initiated to investigate associations of central and peripheral adiposity with premenopausal breast cancer risk overall and by other risk factors and breast cancer characteristics.

Hormone-associated dietary patterns and premenopausal breast cancer risk.

Purpose: Circulating levels of sex steroid hormones have previously been associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk. Few studies have considered the association between dietary patterns and premenopausal hormone levels. Our objective was to derive dietary patterns associated with premenopausal hormone levels and investigate the association between pattern scores and premenopausal breast cancer risk.

Optimal dietary patterns for healthy aging.

As the global population ages, it is critical to identify diets that, beyond preventing noncommunicable diseases, optimally promote healthy aging. Here, using longitudinal questionnaire data from the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2016) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2016), we examined the association of long-term adherence to eight dietary patterns and ultraprocessed food consumption with healthy aging, as assessed according to measures of cognitive, physical and mental health, as well as living to 70 years of age free of chronic diseases. After up to 30 years of follow-up, 9,771 (9.

Dietary Amino Acids and Risk of Stroke Subtypes: Results from 3 Large Prospective Cohort Studies.

Background: Differences in dietary protein have been associated with stroke risk, with possible heterogeneity in associations by stroke type or food sources of protein.

Objectives: We examined the associations of individual dietary amino acids, as the constituents of dietary protein, with risks of ischemic, hemorrhagic, and total stroke.

Methods: We analyzed data from 73,830 females in the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2012), 92,333 females in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2013), and 43,268 males in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2016).