Regular aspirin use, breast tumor characteristics and long-term breast cancer survival.

Epidemiologic data, supported by experiments, suggest aspirin may improve survival in breast cancer patients. However, recent trials reported a lack of protection, though the length of intervention was limited. Among 10,705 stages I-III breast cancer patients in the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS/NHSII), we examined the associations between post-diagnostic aspirin use and long-term breast cancer survival.

The impact of reproductive factors on breast tumor and normal-adjacent tissue immune profile from menarche to menopause.

Reproductive factors and sex hormones are tightly linked to systemic immunity. However, no studies have examined whether reproductive factors and hormone use modulate the immune microenvironment of breast tissue. We prospectively evaluated the associations of reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use with breast tumor and normal-adjacent tissue immune cell markers among 935 breast cancer cases in the Nurses' Health Studies.

Effect of girls' education on cancer awareness and screening in a natural experiment in Lesotho.

Breast and cervical cancers are important causes of disability and premature death among women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Previous research has linked girls' education to cancer service access. Here, we examine the causal effect of girls' educational attainment on cancer screening practices by means of a natural experiment in Lesotho.

Cross-sectional Associations of Neighborhood Social and Environmental Contextual Factors with Telomere Length in Male and Female Health Professionals.

Background: Telomere length attrition has been proposed as a mediator through which the adverse neighborhood social and environmental context affects cancer risk through stress-related pathways, but associations have been inconsistent. We examined associations between neighborhood social and environmental factors in a population with extensive capture of behavioral factors and comorbidities.

Methods: Data were pooled from nested case-control studies using blood samples collected in two large prospective US-based cohorts of male (n = 3,065) and female (n = 9,993) health professionals.

Proinflammatory dietary pattern and risk of total and subtypes of breast cancer among US women.

Background: Dietary patterns promoting chronic inflammation, including the empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP), have been associated with certain cancers. Investigating whether this dietary pattern is associated with breast cancer-where the role of inflammation is less well-defined-could provide valuable insights and potentially improve strategies for preventing this cancer.

Methods: We prospectively followed 76 386 women from Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1984-2018) and 92 886 women from Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII, 1991-2019).

Effect of the Radical Remission Multimodal Intervention on Quality of Life of People with Cancer.

The Radical Remission Multimodal Intervention (RRMI) was developed by Kelly A. Turner, PhD, after analyzing more than 1500 cases of cancer survivors experiencing radical remission (a.k.

Consumption of aspartame and risk of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Studies.

Debate persists regarding the potential carcinogenicity of aspartame, as suggested by experimental studies. Therefore, we prospectively evaluated whether aspartame consumption is associated with breast cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. We used Cox models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Can the lack of Black doctors contribute to the racial disparity in breast cancer survival?

The lack of Black doctors may contribute to the racial disparity in breast cancer survival.

Aspirin vs Placebo as Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: The Alliance A011502 Randomized Trial.

Importance: Observational studies of survivors of breast cancer and prospective trials of aspirin for cardiovascular disease suggest improved breast cancer survival among aspirin users, but prospective studies of aspirin to prevent breast cancer recurrence are lacking.

Objective: To determine whether aspirin decreases the risk of invasive cancer events among survivors of breast cancer.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A011502, a phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial conducted in the United States and Canada with 3020 participants who had high-risk nonmetastatic breast cancer, enrolled participants from 534 sites from January 6, 2017, through December 4, 2020, with follow-up to March 4, 2023.

Recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk by menopausal status and tumor hormone receptor status: results from the Nurses' Health Studies.

Purpose: Physical activity is associated with lower breast cancer risk, especially in postmenopausal women. Associations in premenopausal women are less well established.

Methods: We evaluated recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII (187,278 women; n = 12,785 breast cancers; follow-up: NHS = 1986-2016, NHSII = 1989-2017) by menopausal status and estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor status.

Metformin and other anti-diabetic medication use and breast cancer incidence in the Nurses' Health Studies.

We aimed to examine the association between the use of metformin and other anti-diabetic medications and breast cancer incidence within two large prospective cohort studies. We followed 185,181 women who participated in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1994-2016) and the NHSII (1995-2017), with baseline corresponding to the date metformin was approved for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment in the US Information on T2D diagnosis, anti-diabetes medications, and other covariates was self-reported at baseline and repeatedly assessed by follow-up questionnaires every 2 years. Breast cancer cases were self-reported and confirmed by medical record review.

Consumption of olive oil and risk of breast cancer in U.S. women: results from the Nurses' Health Studies.

Background: Olive oil consumption may reduce breast cancer risk, but it is unclear whether olive oil is beneficial for breast cancer prevention in populations outside of Mediterranean regions, namely in the U.S., where the average consumption of olive oil is low compared with Mediterranean populations.

Associations of low-carbohydrate diets with breast cancer survival.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of low-carbohydrate diets after breast cancer diagnosis in relation to breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality.

Methods: For 9621 women with stage I-III breast cancer from two ongoing cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II, overall low-carbohydrate, animal-rich low-carbohydrate, and plant-rich low-carbohydrate diet scores were calculated by using food frequency questionnaires collected after breast cancer diagnosis.

Results: Participants were followed up for a median 12.

Physical activity and breast cancer survival: results from the Nurses' Health Studies.

Background: Physical activity is generally associated with better outcomes following diagnosis; however, few studies have evaluated change in pre- to postdiagnosis activity and repeated measures of activity by intensity and type.

Methods: We evaluated physical activity and survival following a breast cancer diagnosis in the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II (n = 9308 women, n = 1973 deaths). Physical activity was evaluated as updated cumulative average of metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-h/wk (assigned per activity based on duration and intensity) and change in pre- to postdiagnosis activity.

Insulinemic potential of diet and risk of total and subtypes of breast cancer among US females.

Background: Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia play important roles in the progression of multiple chronic disease and conditions. Diet modulates insulin response; however, evidence is limited regarding whether diets with higher insulinemic potential increase the risk of invasive breast cancer.

Objectives: We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association between a food-based empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) and the incidence of invasive breast cancer.

Loss of PTEN Expression, PIK3CA Mutations, and Breast Cancer Survival in the Nurses' Health Studies.

Background: The relationships between PTEN loss and/or PIK3CA mutation and breast cancer prognosis remain controversial. We aim to examine the associations in large epidemiologic cohorts.

Methods: We followed women with invasive breast cancer from the Nurses' Health Studies with available data on tumor PTEN expression (n = 4,111) and PIK3CA mutation (n = 2,930).

Impact of neighborhood socioeconomic status, income segregation, and greenness on blood biomarkers of inflammation.

Background: Neighborhood deprivation is linked with inflammation, which may explain poorer health across populations. Behavioral risk factors are assumed to largely mediate these relationships, but few studies have examined this. We examined three neighborhood contextual factors that could exert direct effects on inflammation: (1) neighborhood socioeconomic status, (2) an index of concentration at extremes (that measures segregation), and (3) surrounding vegetation (greenness).

Development and Validation of a Novel Food-Based Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS).

Background: Poor diet quality is a major driver of both classical malnutrition and noncommunicable disease (NCD) and was responsible for 22% of adult deaths in 2017. Most countries face dual burdens of undernutrition and NCDs, yet no simple global standard metric exists for monitoring diet quality in populations and population subgroups.

Objectives: We aimed to develop an easy-to-use metric for nutrient adequacy and diet related NCD risk in diverse settings.

The Global Diet Quality Score Is Inversely Associated with Nutrient Inadequacy, Low Midupper Arm Circumference, and Anemia in Rural Adults in Ten Sub-Saharan African Countries.

Background: Key nutrient deficits remain widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) whereas noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) now cause one-third of deaths. Easy-to-use metrics are needed to track contributions of diet quality to this double burden.

Objectives: We evaluated comparative performance of a novel food-based Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) against other diet metrics in capturing nutrient adequacy and undernutrition in rural SSA adults.

Higher Global Diet Quality Score Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Women.

Background: We have developed a diet quality metric intended for global use. To assess its utility in high-income settings, an evaluation of its ability to predict chronic disease is needed.

Objectives: We aimed to prospectively examine the ability of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) to predict the risk of type 2 diabetes in the United States, examine potential differences of association by age, and compare the GDQS with other diet quality scores.

Higher Global Diet Quality Score Is Associated with Less 4-Year Weight Gain in US Women.

Background: We have developed a simple and globally applicable tool, the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS), to measure diet quality.

Objectives: To test the utility of the GDQS, we examined the associations of the GDQS with weight change and risk of obesity in US women.

Methods: Health, lifestyle, and diet information were collected from women (n = 68,336) in the Nurses' Health Study II (aged 27-44 y in 1991) through repeated questionnaires (1991-2015).