Dietary Carbohydrate Intake, Carbohydrate Quality, and Healthy Aging in Women.

Importance: Dietary carbohydrate quality is inversely associated with risks of chronic disease and all-cause mortality. However, limited evidence exists regarding the role of carbohydrate quality and dietary carbohydrate types in promoting healthy aging.

Objective: To evaluate the long-term role of dietary carbohydrate intake and carbohydrate quality in healthy aging.

genotype and biological age impact inter-omic associations related to bioenergetics.

Apolipoprotein E () modifies human aging; specifically, the ε2 and ε4 alleles are among the strongest genetic predictors of longevity and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, respectively. However, detailed mechanisms for their influence on aging remain unclear. In the present study, we analyzed multi-omic association patterns across genotypes, sex, and biological age (BA) axes in 2,229 community dwelling individuals.

Genotype and Biological Age Impact Inter-Omic Associations Related to Bioenergetics.

Apolipoprotein E ( ) modifies human aging; specifically, the ε2 and ε4 alleles are among the strongest genetic predictors of longevity and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, respectively. However, detailed mechanisms for their influence on aging remain unclear. Herein, we analyzed inter-omic, context-dependent association patterns across genotypes, sex, and health axes in 2,229 community-dwelling individuals to test genotypes for variation in metabolites and metabolite-associations tied to a previously-validated metric of biological aging (BA) based on blood biomarkers.

Metabolite signatures of chronological age, aging, survival, and longevity.

Metabolites that mark aging are not fully known. We analyze 408 plasma metabolites in Long Life Family Study participants to characterize markers of age, aging, extreme longevity, and mortality. We identify 308 metabolites associated with age, 258 metabolites that change over time, 230 metabolites associated with extreme longevity, and 152 metabolites associated with mortality risk.

Dietary protein intake in midlife in relation to healthy aging - results from the prospective Nurses' Health Study cohort.

Background: Protein intake plays an important role in maintaining the health status of older adults. However, few epidemiologic studies examined midlife protein intake in relation to healthy aging.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term role of dietary protein intake in healthy aging among female participants in the prospective Nurses' Health Study (NHS) cohort.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: The relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and atrial fibrillation (AF) remains controversial.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prospective associations of blood or adipose tissue levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with incident AF.

Methods: We used participant-level data from a global consortium of 17 prospective cohort studies, each with baseline data on blood or adipose tissue omega-3 fatty acid levels and AF outcomes.

A prospective analysis of red blood cell membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Published studies report inconsistent associations of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk. We conducted a nested case-control study in Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study participants to evaluate a hypothesis of inverse association of pre-diagnosis red blood cell (RBC) membrane PUFA levels with risk of NHL endpoints. We confirmed 583 NHL cases and matched 583 controls by cohort/sex, age, race and blood draw date/time.

Leveraging Observational Cohorts to Study Diet and Nutrition in Older Adults: Opportunities and Obstacles.

By 2060, the number of adults aged ≥65 y is expected to double, and the ≥85 y segment of the population is expected to triple in the United States. US federal nutrition guidance is based on the premise that healthy diets contribute to delaying the onset and progression of many age-related diseases and disability. Yet, little is known about the dietary intakes or nutritional needs across the older adulthood age span.

Trans Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Analysis of 12 Prospective Cohort Studies in the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium (FORCE).

Objective: Trans fatty acids (TFAs) have harmful biologic effects that could increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but evidence remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate the prospective associations of TFA biomarkers and T2D by conducting an individual participant-level pooled analysis.

Research Design And Methods: We included data from an international consortium of 12 prospective cohorts and nested case-control studies from six nations.

Biomarkers of dairy fat intake, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis.

Background: We aimed to investigate the association of serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a Swedish cohort study. We also systematically reviewed studies of the association of dairy fat biomarkers (circulating or adipose tissue levels of 15:0, heptadecanoic acid [17:0], and trans-palmitoleic acid [t16:1n-7]) with CVD outcomes or all-cause mortality.

Methods And Findings: We measured 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters at baseline in 4,150 Swedish adults (51% female, median age 60.

Ultra-processed Foods and Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background & Aims: The rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in regions undergoing Westernization has coincided with the increase in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption over the past few decades. We aimed to examine the association between consumption of UPFs and the risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study of 3 nationwide cohorts of health professionals in the United States-the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2014), the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012).

Intake of fruits and vegetables by pesticide residue status in relation to cancer risk.

Background: Conventionally grown fruits and vegetables (FVs) are the main source of general population exposure to pesticide residues.

Objective: To evaluate the relation of intake of high- and low-pesticide-residue FVs with cancer risk.

Methods: We followed 150,830 women (Nurses' Health Study, 1998-2016, and Nurses' Health Study II, 1999-2017) and 29,486 men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1998-2016) without a history of cancer.

Blood n-3 fatty acid levels and total and cause-specific mortality from 17 prospective studies.

The health effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been controversial. Here we report the results of a de novo pooled analysis conducted with data from 17 prospective cohort studies examining the associations between blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk for all-cause mortality. Over a median of 16 years of follow-up, 15,720 deaths occurred among 42,466 individuals.

n-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: An Individual Participant-Level Pooling Project of 20 Prospective Cohort Studies.

Objective: Prospective associations between n-3 fatty acid biomarkers and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk are not consistent in individual studies. We aimed to summarize the prospective associations of biomarkers of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with T2D risk through an individual participant-level pooled analysis.

Research Design And Methods: For our analysis we incorporated data from a global consortium of 20 prospective studies from 14 countries.

Red blood cell membrane trans fatty acid levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a prospective nested case-control study.

Background: Trans fatty acid (TFA) intake persists in much of the world, posing ongoing threats to public health that warrant further elucidation. Published evidence suggests a positive association of self-reported TFA intake with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk.

Objectives: To confirm those reports, we conducted a prospective study of prediagnosis RBC membrane TFA levels and risk of NHL and common NHL histologic subtypes.

Fatty acids in the de novo lipogenesis pathway and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Background: De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is the primary metabolic pathway synthesizing fatty acids from carbohydrates, protein, or alcohol. Our aim was to examine associations of in vivo levels of selected fatty acids (16:0, 16:1n7, 18:0, 18:1n9) in DNL with incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods And Findings: Seventeen cohorts from 12 countries (7 from Europe, 7 from the United States, 1 from Australia, 1 from Taiwan; baseline years = 1970-1973 to 2006-2010) conducted harmonized individual-level analyses of associations of DNL-related fatty acids with incident T2D.

Circulating Very-Long-Chain SFA Concentrations Are Inversely Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women.

Background: Very-long-chain SFAs (VLCSFAs), such as arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0), have demonstrated inverse associations with cardiometabolic conditions, although more evidence is needed to characterize their relation with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, little is known regarding their potential dietary and lifestyle predictors.

Objective: We aimed to examine the association of plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of VLCSFAs with incident T2D risk.

Changes in dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large prospective cohorts of US men and women.

Background: Whether changes in dairy product consumption are related to subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unknown.

Objective: We evaluated the association of long-term changes in dairy product consumption with subsequent risk of T2D among US men and women.

Methods: We followed up 34,224 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2012), 76,531 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2012), and 81,597 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2013).

Dairy fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in 3 cohorts of US men and women.

Background: Previous studies have examined dairy products with various fat contents in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, although data regarding dairy fat intake per se are sparse.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the association between dairy fat intake and risk of T2D in 3 prospective cohorts. We also examined associations for isocalorically replacing dairy fat with other macronutrients.

Fatty acid biomarkers of dairy fat consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Background: We aimed to investigate prospective associations of circulating or adipose tissue odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 and trans-palmitoleic acid, t16:1n-7, as potential biomarkers of dairy fat intake, with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods And Findings: Sixteen prospective cohorts from 12 countries (7 from the United States, 7 from Europe, 1 from Australia, 1 from Taiwan) performed new harmonised individual-level analysis for the prospective associations according to a standardised plan. In total, 63,682 participants with a broad range of baseline ages and BMIs and 15,180 incident cases of T2D over the average of 9 years of follow-up were evaluated.

Joint effects of fatty acid desaturase 1 polymorphisms and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on circulating fatty acid proportions.

Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are associated with a lower risk of multiple diseases. Fatty acid desaturase 1 gene (FADS1) polymorphisms and dietary PUFA intake are both established determinants of circulating PUFA proportions.

Objective: We explored the joint effects of FADS1 polymorphisms and dietary PUFA intake on circulating PUFA proportions.

Omega-6 fatty acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of individual-level data for 39 740 adults from 20 prospective cohort studies.

Background: The metabolic effects of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) remain contentious, and little evidence is available regarding their potential role in primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the associations of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We did a pooled analysis of new, harmonised, individual-level analyses for the biomarkers linoleic acid and its metabolite arachidonic acid and incident type 2 diabetes.

Contribution of the Nurses' Health Studies to Uncovering Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: Diet, Lifestyle, Biomarkers, and Genetics.

Objectives: To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHS II to addressing hypotheses regarding risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We carried out a narrative review of 1976 to 2016 NHS and NHS II publications.

Results: The NHS and NHS II have uncovered important roles in type 2 diabetes for individual nutrients, foods, dietary patterns, and physical activity independent of excess body weight.

Diet, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a review from the Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study 2, and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study.

The epidemiological evidence collected from three large US cohorts (Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study 2, and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study) has yielded important information regarding the roles of overall diet, individual foods and nutrients, physical activity and other lifestyle factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. Excess adiposity is a major risk factor for diabetes, and thus, maintaining a healthy body weight and avoidance of weight gain during adulthood is the cornerstone of diabetes prevention. Independent of body weight, the quality or type of dietary fat and carbohydrate is more crucial than the quantity in determining diabetes risk.