Cloning and Preliminary Functional Studies of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α6 Subunit in Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall).

To investigate the functional role of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α6 subunit in Megalurothrips usitatus and its involvement in insecticide resistance, we cloned the nAChR α6 gene (Muα6) using RACE technology and analyzed its spatiotemporal expression patterns via RT-qPCR. Functional studies were further conducted under spinetoram stress. The results showed that Muα6 (GenBank accession: PQ441948) has a full-length sequence of 1569 bp, encoding 523 amino acids with four transmembrane domains (TM1-TM4), six extracellular loops (Loop A-F), and two N-glycosylation sites (Asn100 and Asn144).

The amino acid Ser223 acts as a key site for the binding of Thrips palmi α1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to neonicotinoid insecticides.

Thrips palmi (Karny) is a devastating pest on melons and vegetables worldwide. Neonicotinoids, which act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), are among the most effective insecticides for thrips control. For the high neonicotinoids resistance in T.

Can Sweet Maize Act as a Trap Crop for Fall Armyworm?

Among various plants, corn is the primary host damaged by J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Corrigendum: Identification and validation of reference genes for normalization of gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR in (thysanoptera: thripidae).

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Glutathione-s-transferase regulates oxidative stress in Megalurothrips usitatus in response to environmental stress.

The escalating environmental pollution, coupled with the degradation of the ozone layer, has led to an increase in ultraviolet radiation (UV) at the Earth's surface. There is also a growing accumulation of pesticide residues in the environment. These stressors are exerting a profound impact on insect populations.

Role of mutation G255A in modulating pyrethroid sensitivity in insect sodium channels.

A voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) plays a crucial role in insect electrical signals, and it is a target for various naturally occurring and synthesized neurotoxins, including pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. The type of agent is typically widely used to prevent and control sanitary and agricultural pests. The perennial use of insecticides has caused mutations in VGSCs that have given rise to resistance in most insects.

Seasonal Migratory Activity of the Beet Armyworm (Hübner) in the Tropical Area of China.

The beet armyworm (Hübner), a global pest, feeds on and affects a wide range of crops. Its long-distance migration with the East Asian monsoon frequently causes large-scale outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. This pest mainly breeds in tropical regions in the winter season every year; however, few studies have investigated associations with its population movements in this region.

Alanine to glycine substitution in the PyR2 confers sodium channel resistance to Type I pyrethroids.

Background: Aedes aegypti is a primary urban vector of dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya worldwide. Pyrethroid insecticides are the most effective insecticides for controlling Ae. aegypti.

Glutathione S-Transferase Contributes to the Resistance of Megalurothrips usitatus Against Lambda-Cyhalothrin by Strengthening Its Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms.

The damage caused by Megalurothrips usitatus, a common pest, has significantly affected the Chinese vegetable industry. The inappropriate application of chemical pesticides has caused M. usitatus to become highly resistant to conventional insecticides.

Effect of ultraviolet on the environmental adaptability of Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall, an important pest of bean plants, is primarily managed with synthetic insecticides. M. usitatus has developed considerable resistance to various insecticides in multiple cowpea-growing areas in Hainan Province, China, posing challenges to its control in the field.

Functional Characterization of Double Mutations T929I/K1774N in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of (Bagnall) Related to Pyrethroid Resistance.

(Bagnall), the main pest on legume vegetables, is controlled by pyrethroids in the field. Field strains of resistant to pyrethroids were collected from three areas in Hainan Province (Haikou, Ledong, and Sanya City), and two mutations, T929I and K1774N, were detected in the voltage-gated sodium channel. In this study, the sodium channel in was first subcloned and successfully expressed in oocytes.

Mutation V65I in the β1 Subunit of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Confers Neonicotinoid and Sulfoxaflor Resistance in Insects.

Neonicotinoids have been widely used to control pests with remarkable effectiveness. Excessive insecticides have led to serious insect resistance. Mutations of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) are one of the reasons for neonicotinoid resistance conferred in various agricultural pests.

variant-induced multiple giant thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Heritable thoracic aortic aneurysms are complex conditions characterised by the dilation or rupture of the thoracic aorta, often occurring as an autosomal-dominant disorder associated with life-threatening complications. In this case report, we present a de novo variant, c.236_237insA (p.

Functional diversity of voltage-gated sodium channel in Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura).

Background: The larvae of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura feed directly inside the fruit, causing catastrophic damage to orchards. The misuse of pyrethroid insecticides during the control period has led to increasing resistance of D. suzukii to pyrethroids acting on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC).

Functional diversity of sodium channel variants in common eastern bumblebee, Bombus impatiens.

For the past decade, Colony Collapse Disorder has been reported worldwide. Insecticides containing pyrethroids may be responsible for a decline in bees, which are more sensitive to pyrethroids compared with other insects. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na ) are the major target sites of pyrethroids, and the sodium channel diversity is generated through extensive alternative splicing and RNA editing.

Salinity effects on expression and localization of aquaporin 3 in gills of the euryhaline milkfish (Chanos chanos).

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) are important euryhaline fish in Southeast Asian countries that can tolerate a wide range of salinity changes. Previous studies have revealed that milkfish have strong ion regulation and survival abilities under osmotic stress. In addition to ion regulation, water homeostasis in euryhaline teleosts is important during environmental salinity shifts.

Leucine to tryptophane substitution in the pore helix IIP1 confer sodium channel resistance to pyrethroids and DDT.

Aedes aegypti is responsible for transmitting a variety of arboviral infectious diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. Insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, are used widely for mosquito control. However, intensive used of pyrethroids has led to the selection of kdr mutations on sodium channels.

Production and quality of Hami melon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus) and pest population of Thrips palmi in UV-blocking film greenhouses.

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) interferes with the vision, flight initiation, dispersal, host, and population dispersion of herbivorous insects. Hence, UV-blocking film has recently been developed as one of the most potential tools to control pests under tropical greenhouse conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of UV-blocking film on the population dynamics of Thrips palmi Karny and the growth status of Hami melon (Cucumis melo var.

Double sodium channel mutation, I265T/L1014F, is possibly related to pyrethroid-resistant in Thrips palmi.

Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) can harm a variety of agricultural crops and transmit plant viruses, causing heavy economic losses. In the Hainan province of China, pyrethroids were sprayed widely to control T. palmi, which leaded to resistance to pyrethroids in T.

Identification and validation of reference genes for normalization of gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR in (thysanoptera: thripidae).

Gene expression analysis by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has been widely used in research including insects. The selection of appropriate reference genes is the key to obtaining accurate and reliable results from qRT-PCR. However, studies on the expression stability of reference genes in remain lacking.

Detection of Putative Mutation I873S in the Sodium Channel of (Bagnall) Which May Be Associated with Pyrethroid Resistance.

Pyrethroid resistance of thrips has been reported in many countries, and knockdown resistance () has been identified as a main mechanism against pyrethroids in many insects. To characterize pyrethroid resistance in from the Hainan Province of China, we conducted a biological assay and sequenced the voltage-gated sodium channel gene domain II from field populations. It showed high resistance to the pyrethroids for 2019 and 2020, in which LC to lambda-cyhalothrin of was 1683.

Functional Characterization of Knockdown Resistance Mutation L1014S in the German Cockroach, (Linnaeus).

The effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides is seriously threatened by knockdown resistance (), which is induced in insects by inherited single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. VGSC's L1014F substitution results in the classic mutation, which is found in many pest species. Other substitutions of the L1014 locus, such as L1014S, L1014C, L1014W, and L1014H, were also reported.

Case Report: A novel variant-induced fetal heart block and the advantages of fetal genomic sequencing in prenatal long-term dexamethasone exposure.

Fetal bradycardia is a common but severe condition. In addition to autoimmune-mediated fetal heart block, several types of channelopathies induce high-degree atrioventricular block (AVB). Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a major cause of non-autoimmune-mediated fetal heart block.

Functional analysis reveals ionotropic GABA receptor subunit RDL is a target site of ivermectin and fluralaner in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

Background: Ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (iGABA) receptors are involved in various physiological activities in insects, including sleep, olfactory memory, movement, and resistance to viruses. Ivermectin and fluralaner can disturb the insect nervous system by binding to iGABA receptors, and are therefore an effective means for controlling insect pests. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the insecticidal effect of both the compounds on Aedes.