Exercise Therapy Downregulates the Overexpression of TLR4, TLR2, MyD88 and NF-κB after Cerebral Ischemia in Rats.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are considered to mediate the inflammatory reaction of cerebral ischemia injury, and exercise can inhibit the activity of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in the peripheral blood of humans. Although physical exercise has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in both clinical and laboratory settings, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To clarify this critical issue, this study investigated the effects of treadmill training on the recovery of neurological function and the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and their main downstream targets, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), in the ischemic rat brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAo/R).

Analysis of preservatives with different polarities in beverage samples by dual-phase dual stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography.

A new concept of "dual-phase dual stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)" was proposed to simultaneously extract six preservatives with different polarities (logKo/w values of 1.27-3.41), namely, benzoic acid (BA), sorbic acid (SA), methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (MP), ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (EP), propyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PP), and butyl p-hydroxybenzoate (BP).

A sol-gel polydimethylsiloxane/polythiophene coated stir bar sorptive extraction combined with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples.

In this work, a new method of polydimethylsiloxane/polythiophene (PDMS/PTH) coated stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) coupled to liquid desorption-large volume injection-gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (LD-LVI-GC-FPD) was proposed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs, including phorate, fenitrothion, malathion, parathion and quinalphos) in environmental water samples. Polythiophene was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method, and the PDMS/PTH coated stir bar was prepared by sol-gel technique. The preparation reproducibility of PDMS/PTH coated stir bar was good with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 3.

Phase transfer hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace heavy metals in environmental and biological samples.

A new method of phase transfer hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (PT-HF-LPME) combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) has been developed for the determination of trace Co, Pd, Cd and Bi in environmental and biological samples. In PT-HF-LPME, an intermediate solvent (1-butanol) was added into the sample solution to ensure the maximum contact area between the target metal ions and the chelating reagent (8-hydroxyquinoline, 8-HQ), which accelerated the formation of 8-HQ-metal complexes and their subsequent extraction by extraction solvent (toluene). The experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of PT-HF-LPME for the target metals were studied by simplex optimization and orthogonal array design (OAD) experiments.

Chiral speciation and determination of selenomethionine enantiomers in selenized yeast by ligand-exchange micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography after solid phase extraction.

A new phenylalanine derivative (L-N-(2-hydroxy-propyl)-phenylalanine, L-HP-Phe) was synthesized and its chelate with Cu(II) (Cu(II)-(L-HP-Phe)(2)) was used as the chiral selector for the ligand-exchange (LE) chiral separation of D,L-selenomethionine (SeMet) in selenized yeast samples by micelle electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). In order to improve the sensitivity of MEKC-UV, two-step preconcentration strategy was employed, off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and on-line large volume sample stacking (LVSS). D,L-SeMet was first retained on the Cu(II) loaded mesoporous TiO(2), then eluted by 0.

Determination of estrogens in pork and chicken samples by stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.

A poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/divinylbenzene (DVB)-coated stir bar was prepared by the sol-gel technique for the stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) of four estrogens from animal-derived foods, followed by liquid desorption (LD) and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection. The influence of the coating composition on SBSE of target estrogens was investigated by an orthogonal experiment design, and the prepared PDMS/β-CD/DVB-coated stir bars show good reproducibility. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) of the developed PDMS/β-CD/DVB SBSE-LD-HPLC-UV method were 0.

Nanometer-sized alumina packed microcolumn solid-phase extraction combined with field-amplified sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis for the speciation analysis of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples.

In this paper, a new method of nanometer-sized alumina packed microcolumn SPE combined with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS)-CE-UV detection was developed for the speciation analysis of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples. Self-synthesized nanometer-sized alumina was packed in a microcolumn as the SPE adsorbent to retain Se(IV) and Se(VI) simultaneously at pH 6 and the retained inorganic selenium was eluted by concentrated ammonia. The eluent was used for FASS-CE-UV analysis after NH₃ evaporation.

Stir bar sorptive extraction approaches with a home-made portable electric stirrer for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in environmental water.

In this study, novel off/on-site stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) approaches with a home-made portable electric stirrer have been developed for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs). In these approaches, a miniature battery-operated electric stirrer was employed to provide agitation of sample solutions instead of the commonly used large size magnetic stirrer powered by alternating current in conventional SBSE process, which could extend the SBSE technique from the conventional off-site analysis to the on-site sampling. The applicability of the designed off/on-site SBSE sampling approaches was evaluated by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating SBSE-high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) analysis of six target PAHs in environmental water.

High polar organic-inorganic hybrid coating stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation of seleno-amino acids and seleno-oligopeptides in biological samples.

In this work, partially sulfonated polystyrene-titania (PSP-TiO(2)) organic-inorganic hybrid stir bar coating was prepared by sol-gel and blending methods, and a new method of PSP-TiO(2) coating stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was established for the analysis of seleno-amino acids (selenocystine (SeCys(2)), methylseleno-cysteine (MeSeCys), selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenoethionine (SeEt)) and seleno-oligopeptides (γ-glutamyl-Se-methyl-selenocysteine (γ-GluMeSeCys) and selenodiglutathione (GS-Se-SG)) in biological samples. The prepared high polar PSP-TiO(2) hybrid coating avoided the swelling of PSP and cracking of TiO(2) coating by combining the good film-forming property of PSP with the high mechanical strength of TiO(2). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that no obvious swelling and damage occurred for the PSP-TiO(2) hybrid stir bar coating after 30 extraction/desorption cycles.

Solidified floating organic drop microextraction combined with ETV-ICP-MS for the determination of trace heavy metals in environmental water samples.

A new method of solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) combined with electrothermal vaporization (ETV)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed for the determination of trace heavy metals in environmental water samples with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) as both chelating reagent in SFODME and chemical modifier in ETV. The factors affecting the microextraction efficiency were studied in detail and the optimal extraction conditions were established. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for SFODME-ETV-ICP-MS determination of Co, Pd, Cd, Hg, Pb and Bi were found to be 0.

Synthesis of mixed coating with multi-functional groups for in-tube hollow fiber solid phase microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry speciation of arsenic in human urine.

A novel method based on in-tube hollow fiber-solid phase microextraction (in-tube HF-SPME) on-line coupled with ion pair reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (IP-RP-HPLC)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed for arsenic speciation. Partially sulfonated poly(styrene) (PSP) and mixed-sol of 3-mercapto propyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AAPTS) were prepared and immobilized in the pores and the inner surface of polypropylene hollow fiber (HF). The prepared MPTS-AAPTS/PSP immobilized HF was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Dithizone modified magnetic nanoparticles for fast and selective solid phase extraction of trace elements in environmental and biological samples prior to their determination by ICP-OES.

A fast and simple method for analysis of trace amounts of Cr(III), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in environmental and biological samples was developed by combining magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) detection. Dithizone modified silica-coated magnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles (H(2)Dz-SCMNPs) were prepared and used for MSPE of trace amounts of Cr(III), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II). The prepared magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

Nanoparticle labelling-based magnetic immunoassay on chip combined with electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen in human serum.

A sensitive and selective on chip magnetic immunoassay method, based on a sandwich-type immunoreaction with PbS nanoparticle (NPs) labels in combination with electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS), was proposed for the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). We designed and fabricated a microfluidic chip for magnetic immunoassay, and the prepared iminodiacetic acid modified silica coated magnetic nanoparticles (IDA-SCMNPs) were packed into the central microchannel to form a solid phase column by self-assembly under the magnetic field. After completion of the immunoreaction involving a primary antibody, CEA and a secondary antibody labeled with PbS NPs on a magnetic solid phase packed-column, ETV-ICP-MS was used to determine the concentration of Pb that was released from the captured PbS NPs using an acid-dissolution step.

Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-silica hybrid monolithic capillary microextraction combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace elements in biological samples.

A simple and sensitive method based on aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-silica hybrid monolithic capillary microextraction (CME) combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed for the determination of trace elements in biological samples. Under the optimized conditions, the adsorption capacities of APTES-silica hybrid monolithic capillary were 42.5, 55, 57.

Membrane solid phase microextraction with alumina hollow fiber on line coupled with ICP-OES for the determination of trace copper, manganese and nickel in environmental water samples.

A novel alumina hollow fiber was synthesized by sol-gel template method and was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, N(2) adsorption technique and X-ray diffraction. With the use of prepared alumina hollow fiber as extraction membrane, a new method of flow injection (FI)-membrane solid phase microextraction (MSPME) on-line coupled to inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was developed for simultaneous determination of trace metals (Cu, Mn and Ni) in environmental water samples. The adsorption capacities of the alumina hollow fiber for Cu, Mn and Ni were found to be 6.

Ionic liquids improved reversed-phase HPLC on-line coupled with ICP-MS for selenium speciation.

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) improved reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on-line combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed for selenium speciation. The different parameters affecting the retention behaviors of six target selenium species especially the effect of RTILs as mobile phase additives have been studied, it was found that the mobile phase consisting of 0.4% (v/v) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), 0.

Titania immobilized polypropylene hollow fiber as a disposable coating for stir bar sorptive extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry speciation of arsenic in chicken tissues.

The bottleneck of applying stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) to elemental speciation analysis is lack of suitable extraction phases with good affinities to different elemental species. In this paper, a newly high polar extraction phase of titania immobilized polypropylene hollow fiber (TiO₂-PPHF) was prepared by sol-gel immersion and low temperature hydrothermal process and the obtained TiO₂-PPHF inherits the adsorption properties of TiO₂ and the toughness of PPHF. With a suitable size of stainless steel magnetic bar inserted into the prepared TiO₂-PPHF, a disposable TiO₂-PPHF coating stir bar was obtained.

Simultaneous quantification of amphetamines, caffeine and ketamine in urine by hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector.

A method of hollow fiber (HF) liquid phase microextraction (LPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of trace amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), caffeine and ketamine (KT) in drug abuser urine samples. The factors affecting on the extraction of six target analytes by HF-LPME were investigated and optimized, and the subsequent analytical performance evaluation and real sample analysis were performed by the extraction of six target analytes in sample solution containing 30% NaCl (pH 12.5) for 20 min with extraction temperature of 30 degrees C and stirring rate of 1000 rpm.

Capillary microextraction (CME) and its application to trace elements analysis and their speciation.

As a solvent-free miniaturized sample preparation technique, capillary microextraction (CME) has been hyphenated with different analytical instruments for trace elements analysis of environmental, biological, food and pharmaceutical samples. This review discusses the fundamentals and recent development of CME, including the theoretical basis, extraction modes (packed, open-tubular and monolithic CME) and capillary materials for CME. The emphasis is placed on the application of CME to trace/ultra-trace elements analysis and their speciation.

Separation and preconcentration of inorganic arsenic species in natural water samples with 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane modified ordered mesoporous silica micro-column and their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

A simple and sensitive method using micro-column packed with 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane (AAPTS) modified ordered mesoporous silica combined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the speciation of inorganic arsenic (As(III) and As(V)) has been developed. The adsorption behaviors of As(III) and As(V) on AAPTS modified ordered mesoporous silica were investigated. It was found that As(V) can be selectively adsorbed on the micro-column within pH of 3-9, while As(III) could not be retained in the studied pH range and passed through the micro-column directly.

Speciation of butyltin compounds in environmental and biological samples using headspace single drop microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

A method based on headspace single drop microextraction (HS-SDME) in combination with gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS) was proposed for the speciation analysis of butyltin compounds in environmental and biological samples. The sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt4) and sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) were used as the derivatizing reagent for in situ derivatization of the butyltins. For the two derivatizations, the HS-SDME parameters such as organic solvent, drop volume, sample pH, stirring rate, temperature, extraction time and the ionic strength were examined systematically.

The biocompatibility of quantum dot probes used for the targeted imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have several photo-physical advantages over organic dyes making them good markers in biomedical application. We used CdSe/ZnS QDs with maximum emission wavelength of 590nm (QD590) linked to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) monoclonal antibody (Ab) to detect AFP in cytoplasm of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line HCCLM6. For the in vivo studies, we used QD-AFP-Ab probes for targeted imaging of human HCC xenograft growing in nude mice by injecting them into the tail vein.

On-line separation and preconcentration of inorganic arsenic and selenium species in natural water samples with CTAB-modified alkyl silica microcolumn and determination by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry.

A new, simple, and selective method has been presented for the separation and preconcentration of inorganic arsenic (As(III)/As(V)) and selenium (Se(IV)/Se(VI)) species by a microcolumn on-line coupled with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Trace amounts of As(V) and Se(VI) species were separated and preconcentrated from total As and Se at desired pH values by a conical microcolumn packed with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified alkyl silica sorbent in the absence of chelating reagent. The species adsorbed by CTAB-modified alkyl silica sorbent were quantitatively desorbed with 0.

Chromium(III)-imprinted silica gel for speciation analysis of chromium in environmental water samples with ICP-MS detection.

A new chromium(III)-imprinted 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane (AAPTS)-functionalized silica gel sorbent was synthesized by a surface imprinting technique and was employed as a selective solid-phase extraction material for speciation analysis of chromium in environmental water samples prior to its determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The prepared Cr(III)-imprinted silica gel shows the selectivity coefficient of more than 700 for Cr(III) in the presence of Mn(II). The static adsorption capacity of the ion-imprinted and non-imprinted sorbent for Cr(III) were 30.

Organic and inorganic selenium speciation in environmental and biological samples by nanometer-sized materials packed dual-column separation/preconcentration on-line coupled with ICP-MS.

A novel, fast, and cheap nonchromatographic method for direct speciation of dissolved inorganic and organic selenium species in environmental and biological samples was developed by flow injection (FI) dual-column preconcentration/separation on-line coupled with ICP-MS determination. In the developed technique, the first column packed with nanometer-sized Al(2)O(3) could selectively adsorb the inorganic selenium [Se(IV), Se(VI)], and the retained inorganic selenium could be eluted by 0.2 mol l(-1) NaOH, while the organic Se [selenocystine (SeCys(2)) and selenomethionine (Se-Met)] was not retained.