PEDUNCLE LENGTH 1 regulates wheat peduncle elongation through brassinosteroid signaling pathway.

This study identifies TaPL1, a MADS-box transcription factor underlying the QFiriti-6B QTL, as a key regulator of peduncle elongation in wheat. TaPL1 enhances brassinosteroid signaling through direct suppression of TaBKI1, and its loss-of-function alleles exhibit reduced plant height and peduncle length, but increased grain weight, offering valuable targets for yield improvement in wheat breeding.

Nitric Oxide Regulates Multiple Signal Pathways in Plants via Protein -Nitrosylation.

Nitric oxide (NO) can perform its physiological role through protein -nitrosylation, a redox-based post-translational modification (PTM). This review details the specific molecular mechanisms and current detection technologies of -nitrosylation. It also comprehensively synthesizes emerging evidence of -nitrosylation roles in plant biological processes, including growth and development, immune signaling, stress responses and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

CaM4 Functions as a Positive Regulator of the SOS Pathway in Response to Salt Stress.

Salt poses a major environmental threat to plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), salt overly sensitive (SOS) is a major Ca-activated salt-responsive signalling pathway defined by four main components: SOS1, SOS2, SOS3 and SOS3-like calcium-binding protein 8 (SCaBP8). Previously, we reported that a calmodulin (CaM) isoform, CaM4, functions in salt resistance by reestablishing the ion balance in Arabidopsis.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase IBR5 positively affects salt stress response by modulating CAT2 activity.

Salt stress induces overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting cellular redox homeostasis and impairing plant growth. As a key ROS-scavenging enzyme, catalase (CAT) is pivotal in maintaining ROS homeostasis. While CAT activity is known to be regulated by multiple protein kinases, the involvement of protein phosphatases in this process remains less understood.

Two E-clade protein phosphatase 2Cs enhance ABA signaling by dephosphorylating ABI1 in Arabidopsis.

ABA INSENSITIVE 1 (ABI1) and ABI2 are co-receptors of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). Studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of multiple amino acids on ABI1/2 augments their ability to inhibit ABA signaling in planta. However, whether and how the dephosphorylation of ABI1/2 is regulated to enhance plant sensitivity to ABA remain unknown.

Emerging Functions of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Plants.

Reversible protein phosphorylation, known as the "switch" of the cell, is controlled by protein kinases (PKs) and protein phosphatases (PPs). Based on substrate specificity, PPs are classified into protein serine/threonine phosphatases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs can dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphothreonine.

EGR1 and EGR2 positively regulate plant ABA signaling by modulating the phosphorylation of SnRK2.2.

During abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, reversible phosphorylation controls the activity and accumulation of class III SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2s (SnRK2s). While protein phosphatases that negatively regulate SnRK2s have been identified, those that positively regulate ABA signaling through SnRK2s are less understood. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of Clade E Growth-Regulating 1 and 2 (EGR1/2), which belong to the protein phosphatase 2C family, exhibited reduced ABA sensitivity in terms of seed germination, cotyledon greening, and ABI5 accumulation.

S-nitrosylation of RABG3E positively regulates vesicle trafficking to promote salt tolerance.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule affecting the response of plants to salt stress; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a phenotype analysis and found that the small GTPase RABG3E (RAB7) promotes salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. NO promotes the S-nitrosylation of RAB7 at Cys-171, which in turn helps maintain the ion balance in salt-stressed plants.

The Role of Nitric Oxide in Plant Responses to Salt Stress.

The gas nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in several biological processes in plants, including growth, development, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Salinity has received increasing attention from scientists as an abiotic stressor that can seriously harm plant growth and crop yields. Under saline conditions, plants produce NO, which can alleviate salt-induced damage.

AtPFA-DSP5 interacts with MPK3/MPK6 and negatively regulates plant salt responses.

Protein tyrosine phosphatases play essential roles in plant growth and development and in plant responses to biotic or abiotic stresses. We recently demonstrated that an atypical dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase in plants, AtPFA-DSP3 (DSP3), negatively regulates plant salt tolerance. Here, we report that a homolog of DSP3, AtPFA-DSP5 (DSP5), affects the response of plants to high-salt conditions.

OsWAK112, A Wall-Associated Kinase, Negatively Regulates Salt Stress Responses by Inhibiting Ethylene Production.

The wall-associated kinase (WAK) multigene family plays critical roles in various cellular processes and stress responses in plants, however, whether WAKs are involved in salt tolerance is obscure. Herein, we report the functional characterization of a rice WAK, , whose expression is suppressed by salt. Overexpression of in rice and heterologous expression of in significantly decreased plant survival under conditions of salt stress, while knocking down the in rice increased plant survival under salt stress.

Plastid-Localized EMB2726 Is Involved in Chloroplast Biogenesis and Early Embryo Development in .

Embryogenesis is a critical developmental process that establishes the body organization of higher plants. During this process, the biogenesis of chloroplasts from proplastids is essential. A failure in chloroplast development during embryogenesis can cause morphologically abnormal embryos or embryonic lethality.

AtPFA-DSP3, an atypical dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase, affects salt stress response by modulating MPK3 and MPK6 activity.

Protein phosphorylation, especially serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation, plays significant roles in signalling during plant growth and development as well as plant responses to biotic or abiotic stresses. Dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatases dephosphorylate components of these signalling pathways. Here, we report that an atypical dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase, AtPFA-DSP3 (DSP3), negatively affects the response of plants to high-salt conditions.

The antagonistic regulation of abscisic acid-inhibited root growth by brassinosteroids is partially mediated via direct suppression of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 5 expression by BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) and abscisic acid (ABA) are plant hormones that antagonistically regulate many aspects of plant growth and development; however, the mechanisms that regulate the crosstalk of these two hormones are still not well understood. BRs regulate plant growth and development by activating BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) family transcription factors. Here we show that the crosstalk between BRs and ABA signalling is partially mediated by BZR1 regulated gene expression.

Identification of BZR1-interacting proteins as potential components of the brassinosteroid signaling pathway in Arabidopsis through tandem affinity purification.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential phytohormones for plant growth and development. BRs are perceived by the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1, and downstream signal transduction through multiple components leads to activation of the transcription factors BZR1 and BZR2/BES1. BZR1 activity is highly controlled by BR through reversible phosphorylation, protein degradation, and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling.

Brassinosteroid, gibberellin and phytochrome impinge on a common transcription module in Arabidopsis.

Brassinosteroid and gibberellin promote many similar developmental responses in plants; however, their relationship remains unclear. Here we show that BR and GA act interdependently through a direct interaction between the BR-activated BZR1 and GA-inactivated DELLA transcription regulators. GA promotion of cell elongation required BR signalling, whereas BR or active BZR1 suppressed the GA-deficient dwarf phenotype.

Brassinosteroid signal transduction from cell-surface receptor kinases to nuclear transcription factors.

Brassinosteroid (BR) regulates gene expression and plant development through a receptor kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway. Despite the identification of many components of this pathway, it remains unclear how the BR signal is transduced from the cell surface to the nucleus. Here we describe a complete BR signalling pathway by elucidating key missing steps.

Effect of erythropoietin on hepcidin, DMT1 with IRE, and hephaestin gene expression in duodenum of rats.

Background: Erythropoietin (Epo) is the central regulator of red blood cell production and can stimulate proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. Now, recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) is widely used in patients with renal disease, chronic anemia, and iron deficiency of early childhood. It has been reported that the enhanced erythropoiesis associated with erythropoietin therapy increases intestinal iron absorption, but the molecular mechanisms underlying are unknown.