Application of artificial intelligence in medical imaging for tumor diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive approach.

This narrative review provides a comprehensive and structured overview of recent advances in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to medical imaging for tumor diagnosis and treatment. By synthesizing evidence from recent literature and clinical reports, we highlight the capabilities, limitations, and translational potential of AI techniques across key imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, and PET. Deep learning (DL) and radiomics have facilitated automated lesion detection, tumour segmentation, and prognostic assessments, improving early cancer detection across various malignancies, including breast, lung, and prostate cancers.

SELENBP1 Inhibits the Malignant Progression and Radioresistance of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Through the KEAP1-NRF2 Signaling Pathway.

Radiotherapy is the primary treatment modality for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC); however, radioresistance remains a significant challenge, contributing to treatment failure in over 20% of cases. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms underlying radioresistance is essential. Although selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) is known to be dysregulated in various human malignancies, its role in NPC radioresistance has not yet been clarified.

Pyridine-bis(benzimidazole) induces DNA damage at G-quadruplex loci and promotes synthetic lethality with DNA repair inhibition.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical DNA structures that play key roles in regulating replication, transcription, and genome stability. Here, we investigate the effects of pyridine-bis(benzimidazole) (PyBI), a selective parallel and hybrid G4 stabilizer, on genome stability in cells. Biophysical and biochemical assays confirm PyBI's strong affinity for parallel G4s, leading to replication fork stalling and transcriptional repression of G4-associated oncogenes.

Photocaged fluorescent probes for spatiotemporally monitoring G-Quadruplex DNA in live cells.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are important in biological processes such as gene transcription, telomere maintenance, and chromosome stability, and they hold promise as therapeutic targets in cancer research. Current G4 probes face challenges, including high background fluorescence, low regulation efficiency, and lack of spatiotemporal control. Photocaged technology offers precise temporal control and minimal background interference, making it a promising solution to these issues.

First-in-Human Study on Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Single Escalating Doses of HEC88473, a Novel Dual GLP-1 and FGF21 Receptor Agonist in Healthy and Obese Chinese Subjects.

Background: HEC88473 is a novel long-acting dual agonist of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) receptors. It is a Fc fusion protein containing a fibroblast growth factor 21 and a GLP-1 moiety, fused to the N-terminal and C-terminal of the Fc fragment, respectively.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HEC88473.

The impact of the National Syphilis Prevention Program on the prevalence of syphilis among people living with HIV in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: In 2010, China launched the 10-year National Syphilis Prevention and Control Program to curb the spread of syphilis by integrating syphilis screening and treatment with HIV services. Herein, we aimed to evaluate changes in the prevalence of syphilis among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in China.

Methods: We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis by searching the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China Biomedical Literature, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang and CQVIP databases from inception to 1 June 2024 to obtain relevant articles.

Safety and efficacy of GLP-1/FGF21 dual agonist HEC88473 in MASLD and T2DM: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Background & Aims: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are key regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. In the present study, we assessed the safety and efficacy of a novel GLP-1/FGF21 dual agonist HEC88473 for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase Ib/IIa trial.

Intestinal barrier damage contributes to a higher prevalence of frailty in aging people living with HIV: a retrospective case control study in a Chinese cohort.

Background: It has been previously demonstrated that intestinal barrier damage is one of the underlying mechanisms leading to frailty in non-HIV-infected aging populations. However, there is a paucity of direct evidence which demonstrates the association between intestinal barrier damage and frailty in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods: The present study is a retrospective case control study.

Coumarin-Quinazolinone based photosensitizers: Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum targeting for enhanced phototherapy via different cell death pathways.

Organelle-targeted photosensitizers (PSs) offer valuable tools for improving photodynamic therapy (PDT), yet systematic studies on how different organelles influence phototherapeutic outcomes are limited. In particular, the connection between organelle targeting and various modes of programmed cell death remains unclear. In this study, we developed a series of PSs using the Coumarin-Quinazolinone (CQ) scaffold, each designed to target different organelles, including the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosome, and nucleolus.

Exploring Programmed Cell Death-Related Biomarkers and Disease Therapy Strategy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Using Transcriptomics.

Background: Uncontrolled cellular proliferation may result in the progression of diseases such as cancer that promote organism death. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important mechanism that ensures the quality and quantity of cells, which could be developed as a potential biomarker for disease diagnosis and treatment.

Methods: RNA-seq data and clinical information of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and 1548 PCD-related genes were collected.

Mendelian Randomization Study Reveals a Predicted Relationship between Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Mitochondrial Proteins.

Background: Mitochondrial proteins assume a pivotal role in the onset and progression of diverse diseases. Nonetheless, the causal interconnections with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) demand meticulous exploration. Mendelian randomization analysis is a method used in observational epidemiological studies to predict the relationship between exposure factors and outcomes using genetic variants as instrumental variables.

Exosome-Mediated Transfer of ALDH2 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Confers Increased Resistance to Paclitaxel Treatment.

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an aggressive and highly metastatic malignant tumor. Despite recent therapeutic advances, resistance to Taxol (the generic name of paclitaxel) therapy remains a major challenge in clinical management. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the potential mechanisms of paclitaxel resistance in NPC.

Antimicrobial poly (1,4-butylene carbonate): Preparation, characterization, and potential applications as a material for tympanic membrane repair.

Perforation of the tympanic membrane (TM) is a common condition that often requires a scaffold as a support for surgery. However, because of the external environment of the auditory canal, the scaffold could become bacterially infected and prevent the TM from healing. As a result, the perfect scaffold should have both antibacterial and biomimetic qualities.

An explanation of the role of pyroptosis playing in epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a severe central nervous system disorder characterized by an imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, resulting in heightened neuronal excitability, particularly within the hippocampus. About one-third of individuals with epilepsy experience difficult-to-manage seizures, known as refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy is closely linked to inflammatory immune response, with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators observed in individuals with this condition.

The Association Between Stress and Symptomatic Tinnitus: A Preliminary Study.

Tinnitus can severely impair people's quality of life. Stress has been involved in the pathogenesis of multiform mental disorders. Tinnitus-related annoying symptoms have a negative effect on the life quality of tinnitus sufferers.

GTSE1 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma proliferation and angiogenesis by upregulating STMN1.

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor with poor survival rate. G2 and S phase-expressed-1 (GTSE1) takes part in the progression of diverse tumors as an oncogene, but its role and potential mechanism in NPC remain unknown.

Methods: The GTSE1 expression was analyzed by western blot in NPC tissues and cells.

G-quadruplexes on chromosomal DNA negatively regulates topoisomerase 1 activity.

Human DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1) is a crucial enzyme responsible for alleviating torsional stress on DNA during transcription and replication, thereby maintaining genome stability. Previous researches had found that non-working Top1 interacted extensively with chromosomal DNA in human cells. However, the reason for its retention on chromosomal DNA remained unclear.

The Potential of Clostridium butyricum to Preserve Gut Health, and to Mitigate Non-AIDS Comorbidities in People Living with HIV.

A dramatic reduction in mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH) has been achieved during the modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. However, ART does not restore gut barrier function even after long-term viral suppression, allowing microbial products to enter the systemic blood circulation and induce chronic immune activation. In PLWH, a chronic state of systemic inflammation exists and persists, which increases the risk of development of inflammation-associated non-AIDS comorbidities such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.

Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeting Quinazolinone-Based Lipophilic Probe for Specific Photoinduced Ferroptosis and Its Induced Lipid Dynamic Regulation.

Lethal lipid peroxidation caused by reactive oxygen species occurs in different types of programmed cell death, especially in ferroptosis. Ferroptosis inducers, which serve as small-molecule probes, can provide insight into the mechanism of ferroptosis and facilitate drug discovery. The classical ferroptosis inducers indirectly lead to lipid peroxidation; thus, it is difficult to explore lipid regulation during the ferroptotic process.

Relevance of biomarkers indicating gut damage and microbial translocation in people living with HIV.

The intestinal barrier has the daunting task of allowing nutrient absorption while limiting the entry of microbial products into the systemic circulation. HIV infection disrupts the intestinal barrier and increases intestinal permeability, leading to microbial product translocation. Convergent evidence has shown that gut damage and an enhanced level of microbial translocation contribute to the enhanced immune activation, the risk of non-AIDS comorbidity, and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Worsening hearing was associated with higher β-amyloid and tau burden in age-related hearing loss.

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) represents the frequently occurring disability that affects the elderly worldwide. The recent evidence has calculated ARHL to be most potential risk factor to predict dementia. β-amyloid plaques and tau accumulation in brain are hallmarks pathologic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is a leading cause resulting in dementia.

Single-molecule analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation by fiber FISH coupled with atomic force microscopy.

DNA methylation (mainly at 5-methylcytosine, 5mC) plays an essential role in embryonic development and cellular biology. Alterations in DNA methylation are associated with disease development, especially hematologic malignancies. To investigate the potential of 5mC for diagnosis and treatment, accurate determination of 5mC is essential.

A TRP Family Based Signature for Prognosis Prediction in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a classical type of head and neck cancers, with heterogeneous clinical outcome. This project is set out to create a robust risk signature based on TRP family genes (TFGs) for prognosis evaluation in HNSCC.

Methods: Based on the HNSCC sample data from the TCGA website, we integrated expression profile of TFGs for 490 HNSCC cases.

Alcohol Use and Abuse Conspires With HIV Infection to Aggravate Intestinal Dysbiosis and Increase Microbial Translocation in People Living With HIV: A Review.

The intestinal microbiome is an essential so-called human "organ", vital for the induction of innate immunity, for metabolizing nutrients, and for maintenance of the structural integrity of the intestinal barrier. HIV infection adversely influences the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiome, resulting in structural and functional impairment of the intestinal barrier and an increased intestinal permeability. Pathogens and metabolites may thus cross the "leaky" intestinal barrier and enter the systemic circulation, which is a significant factor accounting for the persistent underlying chronic inflammatory state present in people living with HIV (PLWH).