Comparative RNA sequencing analysis of three Capripoxvirus infections in an immortalized hTERT-bOEC cell model.

Capripoxviruses (CaPVs), such as lumpy skin disease, sheep pox, and goat pox, cause significant production and economic losses and are major constraints to the growth of livestock production in endemic areas. Understanding the pathogenic mechanism of CaPVs and their translation into clinical applications depends on the availability of a suitable cell line. In this study, we used a lentiviral packaging system to establish an immortalized hTERT-bOEC cell line by ectopic introduction of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT).

Platform establishment of the Cre-loxP recombination system for genetic manipulation of the Lumpy skin disease virus.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in Asia, including China. Genetic manipulation of the LSDV is essential for the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism and biological function of the LSDV-encoded protein. In this study, we established a platform for the Cre-loxP recombination system under a modified early-late H5 promoter of the VACV for quick construction of the recombinant LSDV virus.

Identification of the murine osteoblastic cell MC3T3-E1 as a permissive cell line in response to lumpy skin disease virus.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in China. Screening suitable cells for LSDV replication is vital for future research on pathogenic mechanisms and vaccine development. Previous comparative studies have identified that the rodent-derived BHK21 is a highly susceptible cell model to LSDV infection.

Phylogenetic and pathogenic characterization of lumpy skin disease virus circulating in China.

The genomic characterization of emerging pathogens is critical for unraveling their origin and tracking their dissemination. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in Asia including China. Although the first Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreak was reported in 2019, the origin, transmission, and evolutionary trajectory of LSDV in China have remained obscure.

The comparative study revealed that the hTERT-CSF cell line was the most susceptible cell to the Lumpy skin disease virus infection among eleven cells.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in Asia, including China. Improving the propagation of LSDV is important for diagnostics and vaccine production. Our study identified and compared the LSDV susceptibility of eleven standard cells using western blot, indirect immune-fluorescence assay, quantitative PCR, and 50 % tissue culture infectious dose.

Establishment of a fetal cow (Bos Borus) skin fibroblasts cell line with immortalized characterization through human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) ectopic expression.

The ectopic introduction of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is an effective way to establish an immortalized cell line. Here, hTERT was obtained by RT-PCR, and the eukaryotic expression plasmid and lentivirus shuttle plasmid of hTERT was successfully constructed by the homologous recombination method. The stable expression of hTERT in fetal cow skin fibroblasts (CSF) was established using the lentivirus package system.

Molecular characterization, expression, and functional identification of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) of the cow (Bos taurus) and goat (Capra hircus).

The role of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) of humans and mice in innate immunity is well elucidated. Still, the molecular characterization and biological function of the TBK1 gene in herbivorous animals are less studied. Here, the open reading frame (ORF) of TBK1 of the cow and goat was firstly cloned and successfully expressed.

Screening of host genes regulated by ID1 and ID3 proteins during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important pathogen that harms cloven-hoofed animals and has caused serious losses to livestock production since its discovery. Furthermore, inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins have been thoroughly studied in tumorigenesis, differentiation and metastasis, but its role in viral infection is rarely known. In this study, three gene knockout cell lines ID1 KO, ID3 KO, ID1/3 KO were obtained based on BHK-21 cells.

Development of a Potential Penside Colorimetric LAMP Assay Using Neutral Red for Detection of African Swine Fever Virus.

African swine fever (ASF) has caused huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Since there is no commercial ASF vaccine available, an early diagnosis is extremely important to prevent and control the disease. In this study, ASF virus (ASFV) capsid protein-encoding gene (p72) was selected and used to design primers for establishing a one-step visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay with neutral red, a pH-sensitive dye, as the color shift indicator.

ID1 inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus replication via targeting of interferon pathways.

Inhibitor of DNA-binding 1 (ID1) protein has been studied intensively for its functions in tumorigenesis and maintenance of stem cell-like properties, but its roles in virus infection are less understood. In the present study, we have clearly shown that the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) promotes ID1 degradation via Cdh1-mediated ubiquitination to facilitate its replication. Mechanistic investigations reveal Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) as an ID1 partner, which suppresses interferon regulatory factors 3 expression and interferon (IFN) production.

MiR-4334-5p Facilitates Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Propagation by Suppressing Interferon Pathways via Direct Targeting ID1.

Emerging evidence indicates that the host microRNAs (miRNAs) are important intracellular regulators and play pivotal roles in intricate host-pathogen interaction networks. In our previous studies, ssc-microRNA-4334-5p (miR-4334-5p) was identified as a differentially expressed miRNA in microarray-based miRNAs profiling experiment, but whether miR-4334-5p regulates foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) propagation is less understood. Here, we demonstrated that miR-4334-5p expression level was up-regulated shortly after FMDV infection, transfection of miR-4334-5p mimics promoted, while inhibitor transfection suppressed FMDV replication correspondingly.

MicroRNA-4331-5p promotes FMDV replication through inhibiting interferon pathways in PK-15 cells.

MicroRNAs play vital roles in regulating the battle between pathogens and host cells during viral challenging. MiR-4331 aggravates transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) -induced mitochondrial damage, also suppresses transcription of TGEV gene 7 via targeting cellular CDCA7. Otherwise, miR-4331-5p affects H1N1/2009 influenza A virus replication by targeting viral HA and NS.

Development of a recombinant vaccine against foot and mouth disease utilizing mutant attenuated Listeria ivanovii strain as a live vector.

The drawbacks of conventional inactivated Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine, such as escaping of the virus during manufacture processes prompted researchers to explore novel types of vaccine to overcome these disadvantages. Listeria ivanovii (LI) is an intracellular microorganism that possesses immune-stimulatory properties, making it appropriate for use as a live bacterial vaccine vector. The Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 protein is the most immunogenic part of FMDV capsid, it has most of the antigenic sites for viral neutralization.

Basal Level p53 Suppresses Antiviral Immunity against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus.

Tumor suppressor protein p53 (p53) is a master transcription factor that plays key roles in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and metabolism, as well as regulation of innate immunity during virus infection. In order to facilitate their replication and spreading, viruses have evolved to manipulate p53 function through different strategies, with some requiring active p53 while others demand reduction/inhibition of p53 activity. However, there are no clear-cut reports about the roles of p53 during the infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the causative agent of a highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) of cloven-hoofed animals.

Host microRNA miR-1307 suppresses foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by promoting VP3 degradation and enhancing innate immune response.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important regulatory roles during interactions between virus pathogens and host cells, but whether and how they work in the case of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is less understood. Based on a microarray-based miRNA profiling in the porcine kidney cell line PK-15, we identified 36 differentially expressed host miRNAs at the early stage of FMDV infection, among which miR-1307 was significantly induced. Functional characterization demonstrated that miR-1307 attenuated FMDV replication.

Expression of the VP1 protein of FMDV integrated chromosomally with mutant Listeria monocytogenes strain induced both humoral and cellular immune responses.

Live vector-based vaccine is a modern approach to overcome the drawbacks of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines such as improper inactivation during manufacture. Listeria monocytogenes (LM), an intracellular microorganism with immune-stimulatory properties, is appropriate to be utilized as a live bacterial vaccine vector. FMDV-VP1 protein has the capability to induce both cellular and humoral immune responses since it is considered the most immunogenic part of FMDV capsid and has the most of antigenic sites for viral neutralization.

Transcript Profiling Identifies Early Response Genes against FMDV Infection in PK-15 Cells.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that results in enormous economic loses worldwide. Although the protection provided by vaccination is limited during early infection, it is recognized as the best method to prevent FMD outbreaks. Furthermore, the mechanism of host early responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection remains unclear.

Active evolution of memory B-cells specific to viral gH/gL/pUL128/130/131 pentameric complex in healthy subjects with silent human cytomegalovirus infection.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause life-threatening infection in immunosuppressed patients, and infection that may lead to birth defects. No vaccine is currently available. HCMV infection in healthy subjects is generally asymptomatic, and virus persists as latent infection for life.

Protection of a novel epitope-RNA VLP double-effective VLP vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Previously, we found that the epitope peptide EP displayed on virus-like particles (VLP) for use as a vaccine showed high immunoreactivity and conferred partially effective protection to animals. In this study, we first combined antisense RNA with VLP as a vaccine against the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by using a prokaryotic co-expression system.

Triple-Emitting Dumbbell Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Multicolor Detection and Imaging Applications.

The combination of different fluorescent species into one nanostructure to develop fluorescent nanoparticles with multiple emission signatures by a single wavelength excitation has become a very popular research area in the field of multiplex bioanalysis, diagnostics, and multicolor imaging. However, these novel hybrids must be elaborately designed to ensure that the unique properties of each component are conveyed, i.e.

Evolutionary analysis of structural protein gene VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia 1.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia 1 was mostly endemic in Asia and then was responsible for economically important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, but the study on its selection and evolutionary process is comparatively rare. In this study, we characterized 377 isolates from Asia collected up until 2012, including four vaccine strains. Maximum likelihood analysis suggested that the strains circulating in Asia were classified into 8 different groups (groups I-VIII) or were unclassified (viruses collected before 2000).

Promising MS2 mediated virus-like particle vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has caused severe economic losses to millions of farmers worldwide. In this work, the coding genes of 141-160 epitope peptide (EP141-160) of VP1 were inserted into the coat protein (CP) genes of MS2 in prokaryotic expression vector, and the recombinant protein self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLP). Results showed that the CP-EP141-160 VLP had a strong immunoreaction with the FMD virus (FMDV) antigen in vitro, and also had an effective immune response in mice.

Induction of mucosal immune responses and protection of cattle against direct-contact challenge by intranasal delivery with foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen mediated by nanoparticles.

The aim of this study was to enhance specific mucosal, systemic, and cell-mediated immunity and to induce earlier onset of protection against direct-contact challenge in cattle by intranasal delivery of a nanoparticle-based nasal vaccine against type A foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In this study, two kinds of nanoparticle-based nasal vaccines against type A FMD were designed: (1) chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with plasmid DNA (Chi-PLGA-DNA) and (2) chitosan-trehalose and inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (Chi-Tre-Inactivated). Cattle were immunized by an intranasal route with nanoparticles and then challenged for 48 hours by direct contact with two infected donor cattle per pen.

Efficacy of synthetic peptide candidate vaccines against serotype-A foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains a major threat to livestock worldwide, especially in developing countries. To improve the efficacy of vaccination against FMD, various types of vaccines have been developed, including synthetic peptide vaccines. We designed three synthetic peptide vaccines, 59 to 87 aa in size, based on immunogenic epitopes in the VP1, 3A, and 3D proteins of the A/HuBWH/CHA/2009 strain of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), corresponding to amino acid positions 129 to 169 of VP1, 21 to 35 of 3A, and 346 to 370 of 3D.

The effects of the context-dependent codon usage bias on the structure of the nsp1α of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

The information about the crystal structure of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) leader protease nsp1α is available to analyze the roles of tRNA abundance of pigs and codon usage of the nsp1 α gene in the formation of this protease. The effects of tRNA abundance of the pigs and the synonymous codon usage and the context-dependent codon bias (CDCB) of the nsp1 α on shaping the specific folding units (α-helix, β-strand, and the coil) in the nsp1α were analyzed based on the structural information about this protease from protein data bank (PDB: 3IFU) and the nsp1 α of the 191 PRRSV strains. By mapping the overall tRNA abundance along the nsp1 α, we found that there is no link between the fluctuation of the overall tRNA abundance and the specific folding units in the nsp1α, and the low translation speed of ribosome caused by the tRNA abundance exists in the nsp1 α.