Adverse Effects of Glyphosate and Microcystin-LR on Fish Health: Evidence from Structural and Functional Impairments in Zebrafish Gills.

Glyphosate (GLY) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) frequently co-occur in natural water bodies. In this study, a subacute exposure test was conducted on zebrafish treated with 3.5 mg/L GLY and 35 μg/L MC-LR, individually and in combination, for 21 d to determine their effects on the gills of zebrafish and their potential mechanisms.

Upregulation of SQSTM1 Regulates Ferroptosis and Oxidative Stress in Müller Cells of the Diabetic Neural Retina by Modulating ACSL4.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision impairment worldwide, is characterized by early neuronal damage in the retina, termed diabetic neuropathy in the retina (DNR). This condition is marked by neuronal apoptosis and glial activation. Müller glia are retinal cells highly susceptible to diabetic metabolic stress that may undergo ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation.

Structural changes, transfer trajectories, and driving forces of non-grain farmland in the main grain producing areas of central China.

Non-grain farmland (NGF), a significant threat to food security, has drawn attention from both academic and practical sectors. However, the interrelationships among internal structural transfer trajectories within NGF and the interactions of their multidimensional factors remain unclear. This study focuses on Henan Province and conducts a comprehensive analysis of NGF.

A chemical autonomous robotic platform for end-to-end synthesis of nanoparticles.

Traditional nanomaterial development faces inefficiency and unstable results due to labor-intensive trial-and-error methods. To overcome these challenges, we developed a data-driven automated platform integrating artificial intelligence (AI) decision modules with automated experiments. Specifically, the platform employs a Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) model to retrieve methods/parameters and implements an A* algorithm centered closed-loop optimization process.

Stress granule-mediated ZBP1 activation drives necroptotic cell death in non-obstructive azoospermia and testicular aging.

Male infertility remains a major unmet medical challenge, with poorly defined molecular mechanisms and no effective therapies. Here, we identify a stress granule-mediated necroptotic pathway as a key driver of non-obstructive azoospermia, a severe form of male infertility marked by the loss of spermatogenesis. Environmental or physiological stress activates eIF2α kinases, inducing stress granule formation and the recruitment of ZBP1 and RIPK3 into a cytoplasmic complex.

Recrystallization of optimized debranched starch: Effects of concentration on resistant starch formation and structural properties.

This study explored how enzymatic hydrolysis time (1-12 h) and starch concentration (5-50 %) influence waxy wheat starch treated with pullulanase (4000 NPUN/g, pH 4.7, 58 °C) to enhance retrograded resistant starch (RS). Key findings revealed that after enzymatic hydrolysis for 8 h, the A chain (degree of polymerization DP 6-12) and B1 chain (DP13-24) significantly increased (p < 0.

Viral Diversity Mediates Carbon Allocation for Ecosystem Multifunctionality Across Biomes.

Viral diversity is essential for regulating the stability of ecosystem function by modulating the biochemical cycles via alterations in the survival and metabolic processes of host organisms. However, how viral survival strategies impact ecosystem function remains unresolved. Here, we analyzed 1824 metagenomes from soils across eight biomes, revealing that lytic viruses constituted a dominant proportion (88%) of the viral communities, with Siphoviridae (35.

When Love Comes at a Cost: Mental Health Outcomes in Older Adults Providing Grandparental Care.

Background/objectives: Against the backdrop of increasing global aging and the trans-formation of family structures, grandparental caregiving has become commonplace, and its impact on the mental health of older persons is of great concern.

Methods: Based on data from the 2023 Xi'an Jiaotong University Urban and Rural Elderly Family Support and Psychological Condition Survey, this study analyzed the impact of grandparental care-giving behaviors on the mental health of the elderly through the Psychological Condition Measurement Scale (PCMS), and comprehensively assessed the presence, intensity, and heterogeneous impact of grandparental caregiving behaviors by gender by applying linear regression modeling, the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method, and the Instrumental Variables Method (IVM).

Results: Grandparental care has a significant positive effect on the mental health of older people, but this positive effect diminishes as the intensity of care increases.

OH2 oncolytic virus inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer metastasis via β-catenin pathway suppression.

The five-year survival rate for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poor, primarily due to tumor invasion and metastasis. This study evaluates the anti-metastatic potential of the oncolytic virus OH2 in NSCLC. OH2 inhibits migration and invasion of NSCLC by downregulating β-catenin, as demonstrated in vitro and in a lung metastasis model.

Enlargement of sternum traits facilitated the evolution of powered flight in birds.

An enlarged sternum with a prominent keel is a central feature of the flight apparatus of modern birds. However, sterna of near-bird dinosaurs (Pennaraptora) and early avialans are either substantially different from those of living birds or absent altogether, raising questions about how specialized sternal structures evolved in birds and how they are related to function. This remains poorly understood because of the fragmentary nature of the fossil record, and the challenges in inferring form and function from crushed fossils.

Additive Manufacturing of Nano-Micro Carbon Structures via Two-Photon Lithography.

Two-Photon Lithography (TPL), a revolutionary additive manufacturing technique that transcends the diffraction limit, empowers nanoscale-precise fabrication of 3D architectures. This breakthrough capability facilitates the creation of intricate micro-nano devices with exceptional structural flexibility and compatibility with multi-material systems, thereby catalyzing transformative developments in carbon-based micro-nanotechnology. This perspective systematically examines recent progress in TPL-enabled carbon material innovations, particularly highlighting the enhanced mechanical performance in micro-nano carbon structures through optimized laser parameterization and functional device implementations across biomedical interfaces, photonic circuits, and high-density energy storage systems.

Aligning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Constrained Reinforcement Learning.

Reward finetuning has emerged as a powerful technique for aligning diffusion models with specific downstream objectives or user preferences. However, current approaches suffer from a persistent challenge of reward overoptimization, where models exploit imperfect reward feedback at the expense of overall performance. In this work, we identify three key contributors to overoptimization: (1) a granularity mismatch between the multi-step diffusion process and sparse rewards; (2) a loss of plasticity that limits the model's ability to adapt and generalize; and (3) an overly narrow focus on a single reward objective that neglects complementary performance criteria.

Do green spaces protect night sleep duration and sleep quality in children and adolescents? Evidence from 10 observational studies.

Background: More than half of children and adolescents do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep necessary for optimal growth and development. Since sleep was very important for the growth and development of children and adolescents, it is necessary to improve the environment for children and adolescents to sleep. Green space have been found to improve sleep in general, and the aim of this systematic review is to assess the association of green space on sleep among children and adolescents.

[Effect of heat-sensitive moxibustion at "Feishu" (BL13) on immunoinflammatory response in allergic rhinitis rats based on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway].

Objective: To observe the effect of heat-sensitive moxibustion at "Feishu" (BL13) on immunoinflammatory response in rats with allergic rhinitis (AR) based on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, so as to explore its underlying mechanism.

Methods: Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group (6 rats) and a modeling group (26 rats). In the modeling group, AR model was prepared using systemic and local attack sensitization method with ovalbumin.

ALKBH5 suppresses mA mRNA modification of FOXM1 to drive Cetuximab resistance in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe health risk, and while Cetuximab is a key treatment, resistance due to KRAS mutations poses a challenge. The role of ALKBH5, often overexpressed in cancers, in KRAS-mutated CRC and its resistance to Cetuximab is not yet fully understood. This research initiates an inquiry from both cellular and animal experimental perspectives, investigating the potential of ALKBH5 to confer resistance to Cetuximab in colorectal cancer cells harboring KRAS mutations.

Combining metabolomics and transcriptomics to reveal the effect of β-glucosidase on scopolin in Angelica dahurica var. formosana.

Angelica dahurica var. formosana (ADF), a diversified variety that integrates medicine, food, and cosmetics, possessing abundant coumarin compounds. One of the pharmacologically active and aromatic components found in it is coumarins.

Establishment of a novel alloxan-induced rabbit model exhibiting unique diabetic retinal neuropathy features assessed via ERG + VEP.

Background: Diabetic retinal neuropathy (DRN) leads to significant visual impairment; however, no existing animal model fully replicates its neural alterations, and inconsistent induction protocols with high mortality rates hinder long-term investigations.

Methods: Adult male rabbits were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, each receiving a single intravenous injection of varying doses of alloxan and one control group. The safety and efficacy of alloxan in inducing diabetes were evaluated to determine the optimal dose.

Spin-regulated Fe-N-C catalyst enabled by adjusting coordination nitrogen species for robust oxygen reduction.

Fe-N-C catalysts have emerged as a promising substitute for the expensive Pt/C to boost the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, conventional Fe-N active sites, which generally feature a low-spin configuration, strongly adsorb oxygen intermediates and necessitate structural optimization of the active sites for improved performance. Herein, graphitic nitrogen (N) adjacent to the Fe-N centers is straightforwardly introduced to modulate the spin state of Fe-N-C catalysts after elucidating the influence of nitrogen species on the Fe-N sites.

Evaluation of the Impact of Conductive Additives on the EPR Spectra of Hard Carbon Anodes.

Hard carbon (HC), a prime anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries, exhibits unresolved charge-state-microstructure debates reveal critical sodium storage mechanism gaps. This study employs electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy as a principal characterization tool, capitalizing on its unique capability to probe electronic configurations and detect subtle structural transformations in carbon matrices. Through systematic EPR investigations of sodium storage dynamics in varied carbon architectures, the quasi-metallic state of sodium ions stored in closed pores exhibits distinct signal characteristics due to size effect-induced structural confinement, compared to surface storage mechanisms.

The VP5 protein of the oncolytic virus OH2 regulates nectin-3 molecule to modulate tumor cell apoptosis.

Oncolytic virus therapy is a novel and promising approach in tumor immunotherapy. We have developed the oncolytic virus OH2 and completed its preclinical studies. This oncolytic virus is currently undergoing clinical trials in China (NMPA, 2018L02743) and the United States (FDA IND 27137) targeting various solid tumors.

Retrospective analysis of pembrolizumab-related adverse reactions and death outcomes based on the FAERS database.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of adverse reactions in cancer patients treated with Pembrolizumab based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, and to assess the characteristics and risk factors of fatality reports.

Concordance Between the PD-L1 Tumor Area Positivity Score and Combined Positive Score for Gastric or Esophageal Cancers Treated With Tislelizumab.

Tumor Area Positivity (TAP) score is an emerging score measuring programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumors. However, the availability of concordance data between TAP score and other immunohistochemistry scoring methods is limited. We investigated concordance between TAP score and combined positive score (CPS) and the relationship between PD-L1 status and clinical outcomes using gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GC/GEJC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) samples from patients subsequently treated with tislelizumab.

Chicago Archaeopteryx informs on the early evolution of the avian bauplan.

Here we report on the nearly complete and uncrushed 14th specimen of Archaeopteryx. Exceptional preservation and preparation guided by micro-computed tomographic data make this one of the best exemplars of this iconic taxon, preserving important data regarding skeletal transformation and plumage evolution in relation to the acquisition of flight during early avian evolution. The ventrolaterally exposed skull reveals a palatal morphology intermediate between troodontids and crownward Cretaceous birds.

Oncolytic viruses: a promising therapy for malignant pleural effusion and solid tumors.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are natural or recombinant viruses that can directly lyse tumor cells without damaging normal cells. They enhance anti-tumor immunity by releasing antigens and activating inflammatory responses within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This offers a new therapeutic approach for MPE and solid tumors.