Elevated O increases volatile organic compounds via jasmonic acid pathway that promote the preference of parasitoid Encarsia formosa for tomato plants.

The elevated atmospheric O level may change the interactions of plants and insects, which potentially affects direct and indirect plant defences. However, the underlying mechanism of the impact of elevated O on indirect plant defence, namely the efficacy of natural enemies, is unclear. Here we tested a hypothesis that linked the effects of elevated O and whitefly herbivory on tomato volatile releases mediated by the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway with the preferences of parasitoid Encarsia formosa for two different tomato genotypes (wild-type (Wt) and JA-deficient genotype (spr2)).

Elevated O₃ and TYLCV Infection Reduce the Suitability of Tomato as a Host for the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci.

The effects of elevated atmospheric ozone (O₃) levels on herbivorous insects have been well studied, but little is known about the combined effects of elevated O₃ and virus infection on herbivorous insect performance. Using open-top chambers in the field, we determined the effects of elevated O₃ and (TYLCV) infection on wild-type (Wt) tomato and tomato (jasmonic acid (JA) defense-enhanced genotype) in association with whitefly, Gennadius biotype B. Elevated O₃ and TYLCV infection, alone and in combination, significantly reduced the contents of soluble sugars and free amino acids, increased the contents of total phenolics and condensed tannins, and increased salicylic acid (SA) content and the expression of SA-related genes in leaves.

The Contrasting Effects of Elevated CO on TYLCV Infection of Tomato Genotypes with and without the Resistance Gene, .

Elevated atmospheric CO typically enhances photosynthesis of C3 plants and alters primary and secondary metabolites in plant tissue. By modifying the defensive signaling pathways in host plants, elevated CO could potentially affect the interactions between plants, viruses, and insects that vector viruses. gene-mediated resistance in plants represents an efficient and highly specific defense against pathogens and herbivorous insects.

A general strategy to facilely design ratiometric electrochemical sensors in electrolyte solution by directly using a bare electrode for dual-signal sensing of analytes.

In this paper, we have described a general strategy to facilely design ratiometric electrochemical sensors in electrolyte solutions, directly using a bare electrode for dual-signal sensing of analytes. Two types of substances (methylene blue/MB, doxorubicin/DOX) with different electrochemical signal peaks were added into electrolyte solutions (phosphate buffered saline, NaCl), where one was the analyte (DOX) and the other was used as a reference (MB). A linear plotting of DOX concentration [DOX] versus ratiometric electrochemical signal peak intensity (I/I) was achieved, with a good linear coefficient and low detection limit of DOX (0.

Submucosal injection of dexamethasone reduces postoperative discomfort after third-molar extraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of dexamethasone (DX) on edema, trismus, and pain during early and late postoperative periods after third-molar (M3) extraction.

Types Of Studies Reviewed: The authors identified eligible reports by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up through April 2016. The full text of the studies that met the minimum inclusion requirements were those in which the investigators evaluated the effects of submucosal injection of DX compared with inactive treatments in patients undergoing surgical extraction of an M3.

5-HMF attenuates striatum oxidative damage via Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway following transient global cerebral ischemia.

Recent studies have shown 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) has favorable biological effects, and its neuroprotection in a variety of neurological diseases has been noted. Our previous study showed that treatment of 5-HMF led to protection against permanent global cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanisms in cerebral ischemic injury are not fully understood.

GAPP: A Proteogenomic Software for Genome Annotation and Global Profiling of Post-translational Modifications in Prokaryotes.

Although the number of sequenced prokaryotic genomes is growing rapidly, experimentally verified annotation of prokaryotic genome remains patchy and challenging. To facilitate genome annotation efforts for prokaryotes, we developed an open source software called GAPP for genome annotation and global profiling of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in prokaryotes. With a single command, it provides a standard workflow to validate and refine predicted genetic models and discover diverse PTM events.

High Ozone (O) Affects the Fitness Associated with the Microbial Composition and Abundance of Q Biotype .

Ozone (O) affects the fitness of an insect, such as its development, reproduction and protection against fungal pathogens, but the mechanism by which it does so remains unclear. Here, we compared the fitness (i.e.

Aberrant Axonal Arborization of PDF Neurons Induced by Aβ42-Mediated JNK Activation Underlies Sleep Disturbance in an Alzheimer's Model.

Impaired sleep patterns are common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cellular mechanisms underlying sleep disturbance in AD remain largely unknown. Here, using a Drosophila Aβ42 AD model, we show that Aβ42 markedly decreases sleep in a large population, which is accompanied with postdevelopmental axonal arborization of wake-promoting pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) neurons.

Global Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals the Involvement of Phosphorylation in Aflatoxins Biosynthesis in the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus flavus.

Aspergillus flavus is a pathogenic fungus that produces toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxins and is the causative agent of aflatoxicosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that reversible phosphorylation plays important roles in regulating diverse functions in this pathogen. However, only a few phosphoproteins of this fungus have been identified, which hampers our understanding of the roles of phosphorylation in A.

Characterization of the Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) Interactome Reveals Novel Binding Partners in Human Cancer Cells.

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a highly conserved housekeeping protein present in eukaryotic organisms. It is involved in regulating many fundamental processes and plays a critical role in tumor reversion and tumorigenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that TCTP plays a role in the regulation of cell fate determination and is a promising therapeutic target for cancer.

Retinal structure and function in vigabatrin-treated adult patients with refractory complex partial seizures.

Objective: Evaluate visual-field and retinal-structure changes following adjunctive vigabatrin treatment in vigabatrin-naive adults with refractory complex partial seizures (rCPS).

Methods: Prospective, longitudinal, single-arm, open-label study (NCT01278173). Eligible patients (≥2 seizures/month who failed ≥3 therapies) who could reliably perform perimetry (Humphrey automated static) and retinal-structure assessment (spectral-domain optical coherence tomography) prior to vigabatrin exposure.

Maintenance of totally implantable ports in Zhongshan Hospital: a best practice implementation project.

Background: The totally implantable port is a common central venous access device. The cost of implantation and maintenance however is very expensive. At present, the biggest problem regarding the promotion and the use of implantable ports in China is lack of well trained professional healthcare providers.

A Comprehensive Analysis on Spread and Distribution Characteristic of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Livestock Farms of Southeastern China.

The pollution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock farms is a problem which need to be paid more attention to, due to the severe resistance dissemination and the further human health risk. In this study, all the relevant exposure matrices (manure, soil and water) of sixteen animal farms in Southeastern China were sampled to determine twenty-two ARGs conferring resistance to five major classes of antibiotics including tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. The results showed that the spread property of sul genes was most extensive and strong, followed by tet and erm genes.

Mixed release of two parasitoids and a polyphagous ladybird as a potential strategy to control the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci.

A mixed species release of parasitoids is used to suppress outbreaks of tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); however, this biocontrol may be inhibited by interspecific interactions. We investigated the effects of mixed releases of natural enemies of B. tabaci on predation rates, parasite performance and adult parasitoid emergence under greenhouse conditions.

Regulation of Hydroxylation and Nitroreduction Pathways during Metabolism of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Imidacloprid by Pseudomonas putida.

Imidacloprid (IMI) is mainly metabolized via nitroreduction and hydroxylation pathways, which produce different metabolites that are toxic to mammals and insects. However, regulation of IMI metabolic flux between nitroreduction and hydroxylation pathways is still unclear. In this study, Pseudomonas putida was found to metabolize IMI to 5-hydroxy and nitroso IMI and was therefore used for investigating the regulation of IMI metabolic flux.

Plant-Aphid Interactions Under Elevated CO2: Some Cues from Aphid Feeding Behavior.

Although the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) accelerates the accumulation of carbohydrates and increases the biomass and yield of C3 crop plants, it also reduces their nitrogen concentration. The consequent changes in primary and secondary metabolites affect the palatability of host plants and the feeding of herbivorous insects. Aphids are phloem feeders and are considered the only feeding guild that positively responds to elevated CO2.

The seesaw effect of winter temperature change on the recruitment of cotton bollworms Helicoverpa armigera through mismatched phenology.

Knowing how climate change affects the population dynamics of insect pests is critical for the future of integrated pest management. Rising winter temperatures from global warming can drive increases in outbreaks of some agricultural pests. In contrast, here we propose an alternative hypothesis that both extremely cold and warm winters can mismatch the timing between the eclosion of overwintering pests and the flowering of key host plants.

Crystal structure of zwitterionic 2-[bis-(2-meth-oxy-phen-yl)phosphanium-yl]-4-methyl-benzene-sulfonate monohydrate di-chloro-methane monosolvate.

In the title compound, C21H21O5PS·H2O·CH2Cl2, the phospho-nium-sulfonate zwitterion has the acidic H atom located on the P atom rather than the sulfonate group. The S-O bond lengths [1.4453 (15)-1.

Crystal structure of (n-but-yl)[2-(2,6-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-6-methyl-phen-yl](2-meth-oxy-phen-yl)phospho-nium chloride monohydrate.

The title hydrated salt, C26H32O3P(+)·Cl(-)·H2O, contains four different substit-uents (H, alkyl, aryl, and biar-yl) on the P atom. The P-H hydrogen atom of the phospho-nium ion was located in a difference Fourier map and refined without imposing additional restraints. In the crystal, the Cl(-) ions and water mol-ecules are linked by pairs of Owater-H⋯Cl(-) hydrogen bonds and further linked to the phospho-nium cation by P-H(+)⋯Cl(-) and CAr/OMe-H⋯Owater hydrogen bonds to form an infinite one-dimensional chain along the [010] direction.

Landscape changes have greater effects than climate changes on six insect pests in China.

In recent years, global changes are the major causes of frequent, widespread outbreaks of pests in mosaic landscapes, which have received substantial attention worldwide. We collected data on global changes (landscape and climate) and economic damage caused by six main insect pests during 1951-2010 in China. Landscape changes had significant effects on all six insect pests.

YcgC represents a new protein deacetylase family in prokaryotes.

Reversible lysine acetylation is one of the most important protein posttranslational modifications that plays essential roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, only a few lysine deacetylases (KDACs) have been identified in prokaryotes, perhaps in part due to their limited sequence homology. Herein, we developed a 'clip-chip' strategy to enable unbiased, activity-based discovery of novel KDACs in the Escherichia coli proteome.

Occurrence of 13 veterinary drugs in animal manure-amended soils in Eastern China.

The occurrence of 13 veterinary drugs were studied in soil fertilized with animal manures in Eastern China. The 69 soil samples were obtained from twenty-three vegetable fields in 2009 and analysed for selected veterinary drugs by HPLC-MS/MS at soil depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, and two additional samples were re-analysed from an earlier study from November 2011. Results showed that animal wastes, especially those from poultry farms, were one of pollution sources of veterinary drugs in soil.

Systematic identification of arsenic-binding proteins reveals that hexokinase-2 is inhibited by arsenic.

Arsenic is highly effective for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and has shown significant promise against many other tumors. However, although its mechanistic effects in APL are established, its broader anticancer mode of action is not understood. In this study, using a human proteome microarray, we identified 360 proteins that specifically bind arsenic.

Up-regulation of abscisic acid signaling pathway facilitates aphid xylem absorption and osmoregulation under drought stress.

The activation of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway reduces water loss from plants challenged by drought stress. The effect of drought-induced ABA signaling on the defense and nutrition allocation of plants is largely unknown. We postulated that these changes can affect herbivorous insects.