Traceable Assessment of the Absorbed Power Density of Body Mounted Devices at Frequencies Above 10 GHz.

In this study, a comprehensive approach for the experimental assessment of the absorbed power density (APD) is developed. The method includes several novel components: (i) a specialized probe, (ii) a composite phantom, (iii) a reconstruction technique, (iv) a calibration method, and (v) a validation process. The described solution has been developed for the frequency range from 24 to 30 GHz, but can be extended to all frequency bands between 10 and 45 GHz.

On the uncertainty in numerical modeling of wireless communication devices operating at frequencies of 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 28 GHz.

Some of the difficulties in numerical modeling of wireless communication devices for dosimetric evaluations arise from, e.g. incomplete documentation available for the numerical model, such as missing information on dielectric materials or the antenna matching circuitry.

A randomized, double-blind phase 1b study evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the NLRP3 inhibitor selnoflast in patients with moderate to severe active ulcerative colitis.

Background: The NLRP3 inflammasome drives release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and is a potential target for ulcerative colitis (UC). Selnoflast (RO7486967) is an orally active, potent, selective and reversible small molecule NLRP3 inhibitor. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 1b study to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of selnoflast.

Anisotropic coupling of individual vibrational modes to a Cu(110) substrate.

We present a study on the excitation of individual vibrational modes with ballistic charge carriers propagating along the Cu(110) surface. By means of the molecular nanoprobe technique, where the reversible switching of a molecule-in this case tautomerization of porphycene-is utilized to detect excitation events, we reveal anisotropic coupling of two distinct vibrational modes to the substrate. The N-H bending mode, excited below || ≈ 376 meV, exhibits maxima perpendicular to the rows of the Cu(110) substrate and minima along the rows.

Real-space resolved surface reactions: deprotonation and metalation of phthalocyanine.

Upon deposition on a surface, molecules can undergo a plethora of changes, such as reactions with adsorbates and surface atoms and catalytic decomposition. Since different reaction pathways may coexist, spatially averaging techniques can be insufficient for the characterization and distinction of all on-surface products. Here, we present a study of single phthalocyanine molecules on a Cu(111) surface which was performed using high-resolution low-temperature STM.

Coverage factors for efficient demonstration of compliance of low-frequency magnetic near-field exposures with basic restrictions.

. Regulators require that wireless power transfer (WPT) systems and other strong magnetic field sources are compliant with the basic restrictions (BR) defined as the limits of the fields induced in the human body, i.e.

Controlled Formation of Porous 2D Lattices from C -symmetric Ph -Me-Tribenzotriquinacene-OAc.

The on-surface self-assembly of molecules to form holey nanographenes is a promising approach to control the properties of the resulting 2D lattice. Usually, planar molecules are utilized to prepare flat, structurally confined molecular layers, with only a few recent examples of warped precursors. However, control of the superstructures is limited thus far.

Mechanism of Capacitive Coupling of Proximal Electromagnetic Sources With Biological Bodies.

This study investigates the absorption of the induced E-field in homogeneous biological tissue exposed to highly localized field sources in proximity of the body, such as the charged tips of antennas, where E-field coupling dominates. These conditions are relevant for compliance testing of modern mobile phones where exposure is evaluated at small separation between radiators and the body. We derive an approximation that characterizes the decay of the induced E-field in the tissue as a function of distance.

Capability of the TrueColor Sensor Array for Determining the Nitrogen Supply in Winter Barley ( L.).

In agriculture, efforts are being made to reduce pesticides and fertilizers because of the possible negative environmental impacts, high costs, political requirements, and declining social acceptance. With precision farming, significant savings can be achieved by the site-specific application of fertilizers. In contrast to currently available single sensors and camera-based systems, arrays or line sensors provide a suitable spatial resolution without requiring complex signal processing and promise significant potential regarding price and precision.

Myocarditis and pericarditis in association with COVID-19 mRNA-vaccination: cases from a regional pharmacovigilance centre.

In this article we summarize suspected adverse events following immunization (AEFI) of pericarditis, myocarditis and perimyocarditis that were reported by our regional pharmacovigilance centre after COVID-19 mRNA-vaccination and discuss their association with these vaccines. Seventeen cases were reported between March and July 2021. Of these, nine had perimyocarditis, five myocarditis and three pericarditis.

Reflection Properties of the Human Skin From 40 to 110 GHz: A Confirmation Study.

Several recent theoretical dosimetric studies above 6 GHz apply generic layered skin models. For this frequency range, new experimental phantoms for over-the-air performance of wireless devices were proposed that simulate the impedance matching effects of the stratum corneum layer (SCL) with a low-loss coating layer. The aim of this study was to verify the skin models by comparing their reflection coefficients S with measurements of 37 human volunteers (21 males, 16 females, 5-80 years) at 21 body locations (10 at palm, 11 at arm/face) with different SCL thicknesses, using waveguides covering frequencies from 40 to 110 GHz.

Compliance Assessment of the Epithelial or Absorbed Power Density Below 10 GHz Using SAR Measurement Systems.

The introduction of new dosimetric quantities, in particular, epithelial or absorbed power density for frequencies above 6 GHz, in exposure guidelines and safety standards requires the development of new experimental assessment procedures for compliance testing. In this study, we propose to approximate the peak spatial-average absorbed power density (psS ) using the same measured data and algorithms that are used for determining the peak spatial-average specific absorption rate psSAR, which is currently limited to frequencies up to 10 GHz. The uncertainty component for the transformation of psSAR to psS was evaluated as less than 0.

TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT OF POWER DENSITY INTO SKIN TISSUE BETWEEN 6 AND 300 GHZ.

The latest electromagnetic safety guidelines define transmitted or epithelial power density as the basic restriction above 6 GHz. In this note, we derive an approximation for a conservative transmission coefficient for quasi plane wave incidence as a function of the frequency for the normal component of the Poynting vector with respect to the evaluation plane or tissue surface |Sz inc| and for its modulus ||Sinc||. The maximum transmission coefficient for the normal component of the Poynting vector ${\boldsymbol{T}}_{\mathbf{z}}^{\mathbf{max}}$ is 1 independent of tissue composition and frequency.

A hydraulic model of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology embedded into a computer-based teaching system for student training in laboratory courses.

Functional understanding of the different parts of the cardiovascular system is essential for an insight into pathomechanisms of numerous diseases. During training cardiovascular physiology, students and early-stage medical personnel should understand the role of different functional parameters for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as for blood flow. The impact of isolated parameters can only be studied in models.

Limitations of Incident Power Density as a Proxy for Induced Electromagnetic Fields.

The most recent safety guidelines define basic restrictions for electromagnetic field exposure at frequencies more than 6 GHz in terms of spatial- and time-averaged transmitted power density inside the body. To enable easy-to-perform evaluations in situ, the reference levels for the incident power density were derived. In this study, we examined whether compliance with the reference levels always ensures compliance with basic restrictions.

RF-INDUCED TEMPERATURE INCREASE IN A STRATIFIED MODEL OF THE SKIN FOR PLANE-WAVE EXPOSURE AT 6-100 GHZ.

This study assesses the maximum temperature increase induced by exposure to electromagnetic fields between 6 and 100 GHz using a stratified model of the skin with four or five layers under plane wave incidence. The skin model distinguishes the stratum corneum (SC) and the viable epidermis as the outermost layers of the skin. The analysis identifies the tissue layer structures that minimize reflection and maximize the temperature increase induced by the electromagnetic field.

Paracrine crosstalk between intestinal L- and D-cells controls secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in mice.

DPP-4 inhibitors, used for treatment of type 2 diabetes, act by increasing the concentrations of intact glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), but at the same time, they inhibit secretion of GLP-1, perhaps by a negative feedback mechanism. We hypothesized that GLP-1 secretion is feedback regulated by somatostatin (SS) from neighboring D-cells, and blocking this feedback circuit results in increased GLP-1 secretion. We used a wide range of experimental techniques, including gene expression analysis, immunohistochemical approaches, and the perfused mouse intestine to characterize the paracrine circuit controlling GLP-1 and SS.

Theoretical and numerical assessment of maximally allowable power-density averaging area for conservative electromagnetic exposure assessment above 6 GHz.

The objective of this paper is to determine a maximum averaging area for power density (PD) that limits the maximum temperature increase to a given threshold for frequencies above 6 GHz. This maximum area should be conservative for any transmitter at any distance >2 mm from the primary transmitting antennas or secondary field-generating sources. To derive a generically valid maximum averaging area, an analytical approximation for the peak temperature increase caused by localized exposure was derived.

Proenkephalin for the early detection of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease.

Background: The early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an unmet clinical need. Proenkephalin (PENK) might improve the early detection of AKI.

Methods: One hundred and eleven hospitalized CKD patients undergoing radiographic contrast procedures were enrolled.

Effective "activated PI3Kδ syndrome"-targeted therapy with the PI3Kδ inhibitor leniolisib.

Pathogenic gain-of-function variants in the genes encoding phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) lead to accumulation of transitional B cells and senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy, and immune deficiency (activated PI3Kδ syndrome [APDS]). Knowing the genetic etiology of APDS afforded us the opportunity to explore PI3Kδ inhibition as a precision-medicine therapy. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo effects of inhibiting PI3Kδ in APDS.

The size-speed-force relationship governs migratory cell response to tumorigenic factors.

Tumor development progresses through a complex path of biomechanical changes leading first to cell growth and contraction and then cell deadhesion, scattering, and invasion. Tumorigenic factors may act specifically on one of these steps or have a wider spectrum of actions, leading to a variety of effects and thus sometimes to apparent contradictory outcomes. Here we used micropatterned lines of collagen type I/fibronectin on deformable surfaces to standardize cell behavior and measure simultaneously cell size, speed of motion and magnitude of the associated traction forces at the level of a single cell.

Vimentin Levels and Serine 71 Phosphorylation in the Control of Cell-Matrix Adhesions, Migration Speed, and Shape of Transformed Human Fibroblasts.

Metastasizing tumor cells show increased expression of the intermediate filament (IF) protein vimentin, which has been used to diagnose invasive tumors for decades. Recent observations indicate that vimentin is not only a passive marker for carcinoma, but may also induce tumor cell invasion. To clarify how vimentin IFs control cell adhesions and migration, we analyzed the nanoscale (30-50 nm) spatial organization of vimentin IFs and cell-matrix adhesions in metastatic fibroblast cells, using three-color stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy.

Brain tissue stiffness is a sensitive marker for acidosis.

Background: Carbon dioxide overdose is frequently used to cull rodents for tissue harvesting. However, this treatment may lead to respiratory acidosis, which potentially could change the properties of the investigated tissue.

New Method: Mechanical tissue properties often change in pathological conditions and may thus offer a sensitive generic readout for changes in biological tissues with clinical relevance.