Understanding health knowledge failures: uncertainty versus misinformation.

Studies of health literacy often employ knowledge measures and typically focus on the correct answers as reflections of the level of (accurate) knowledge and literacy. The wrong answers are treated as failures but usually without further consideration. This paper argues for the importance of distinguishing two forms of knowledge failure-being uninformed(uncertain about information) and being misinformed(believing objectively wrong information)-because of their differing effects on communication responses and associated judgments and decisions.

Computational strategic recruitment for representation and coverage studied in the All of Us Research Program.

Large scale data repositories like the All of Us Research Program are spurring new understanding of health and disease. All of Us aims to create a database of all Americans, addressing patterns of understudy of some groups in biomedical research. We study the representativeness (similarity to the U.

Quantifying conformational heterogeneity of 3D genome organization in fruit fly.

The three-dimensional (3D) organization of interphase chromatin in eukaryotes is complex; details of the corresponding genome structures vary stochastically from cell to cell. Here, we propose a metric to quantify the cell-to-cell heterogeneity of the 3D chromatin conformations in ensembles of single cells: Conformational Heterogeneity (C.H.

Embryonic thermal conditioning and post-hatch heat challenge alter hypothalamic expression of genes related to appetite, thermoregulation, and stress modulation in broiler chicks.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an acute heat challenge on day 4 post-hatch on the transcriptome of several brain nuclei associated with thermal regulation, stress, and appetite. These included the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the pre-optic anterior/hypothalamic area (POAH), and the nucleus of the hippocampal commissure (nCPa), in broilers that were subjected to either control incubation conditions or embryonic heat conditioning (EHC). Nuclei were collected at three timepoints relative to the start of heat challenge (0, 2, and 12 h).

Learning salient representation of crashes and near-crashes using supervised contrastive variational autoencoder.

Models capable of learning representations that are salient in safety-critical events (SCEs; including crashes and near-crashes) are crucial for road safety. This study proposes a novel deep learning model, the supervised contrastive variational autoencoder (scVAE), that incorporates supervised contrastive learning methods into the variational autoencoder (VAE) framework. By leveraging two distinct encoders, the scVAE encourages the salient latent variables to be discriminative, capturing the unique representations of SCEs while being regulated by the response variable to focus on the most relevant representations for accurate clustering.

Case Report: Contralateral Pregnancies Are Carried to Term in Heifers but Not in Lactating Holstein Cows.

The following case report describes two pregnancies contralateral to the side of the corpus luteum (CL) that were carried to term after artificial insemination (AI) in Holstein heifers. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography at 32, 46 and 74 days after timed AI. Both heifers had the pregnancy located within the right uterine horn and only one CL on the left ovary.

Creep-grazing fall-born calves on winter annual forages.

Providing calves with access to high-quality forage through creep grazing prior to weaning may help improve calf productivity. In this study of fall-calving herds, the productivity of a rotationally stocked forage system with 10% of the pasture area rotated between winter forages for creep grazing and summer forages (CRP) was compared to the productivity of rotationally (ROT) and continuously (CON) stocked, perennial forage systems. Calves in CRP were provided access to the creep forage 6 to 26 d before weaning and through a 2-wk weaning process.

Supplementation of fermentation product to beef cows grazing fescue-based pastures and its impact on reproductive performance.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) supplementation during the breeding season on reproductive performance of beef cows grazing fescue-dominated pastures (Festuca arundinacea). A total of 883 multiparous suckled beef cows across eight locations were stratified by age and days postpartum (DPP) and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) CON-mineral supplementation at 90 g/hd/d (n = 439 cows; 13 experimental units), or 2) SCFP-mineral with 9 g SCFP (NaturSafe, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA; n = 444 cows; 13 experimental units). Supplementation began 21 d pre-breeding and continued through the breeding season (approx.

In-Petri-dish acoustic vortex tweezers.

Acoustic tweezers, with the capability to manipulate tiny objects without physical contact, hold substantial potential for biomedical and biological research. However, current acoustic tweezers platforms face challenges in precise, selective, and multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DoF) manipulation of objects in Petri dishes, making it difficult to integrate them into typical laboratory workflows. This paper presents an acoustic vortex tweezers platform that enables contactless, precise, multi-DoF, and multifunctional manipulation of micro-to-millimeter-scale objects within a Petri dish.

Does immune priming in Galleria mellonella reveal plastic mechanisms for survival?

Immune priming enhances protection in invertebrates upon secondary exposure to specific pathogens. Despite significant advances in understanding this phenomenon, it remains unclear whether the elevated defense observed through priming arises from identical or distinct effector-mediated responses within the same species. To address this, we used the model species Galleria mellonella from two geographically distinct origins (Siberia and Mexico), both of which exhibited immune priming with enhanced survival.

Chromosomal Inversions and Their Potential Impact on the Evolution of Arboviral Vector Aedes aegypti.

Chromosomal inversions play a crucial role in evolution and have been found to regulate epidemiologically significant traits in malaria mosquitoes. However, they have not been characterized in Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of arboviruses, due to the poor structure of its polytene chromosomes. The Hi-C proximity ligation approach was used to identify chromosomal inversions in 25 strains of A.

Neuromodulation of the Cingulate Cortex for Pain.

The subgenual (sACC) and pregenual (pACC) anterior cingulate and anterior midcingulate (aMCC) cortices are structurally and functionally distinct subregions of the cingulate cortex with critical roles in pain processing. These regions may be promising therapeutic targets using non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), and low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU). In this review, we synthesize emerging evidence on the function and connectivity of these subregions in both acute and chronic pain, highlighting their differential roles in the sensory, affective, and autonomic contributions to pain processing.

Biosecurity and Vaccines for Emerging Aquatic Animal RNA Viruses.

Emerging RNA viruses pose a critical threat to aquatic animals, leading to significant ecological and economic consequences. Their high mutation rates and genetic adaptability drive rapid evolution, cross-species transmission, and expanding host ranges, complicating disease management. In aquaculture, RNA viruses are responsible for major outbreaks in fish, while DNA viruses predominate in crustaceans.

Methodology for contamination detection and reduction in fermentation processes using machine learning.

This paper demonstrates an accurate and efficient methodology for fermentation contamination detection and reduction using two machine learning (ML) methods, including one-class support vector machine and autoencoders. We also optimize as many hyperparameters as possible prior to the training of the ML models to improve the model accuracy and efficiency, and choose a Python platform called Optuna, to enable the parallel execution of hyperparameter optimization (HPO). We recommend using Bayesian optimization with hyperband algorithm to carry out HPO.

A multiscale theory for mesenchymal cell migration in straight or curved channel confinement.

Mesenchymal cells navigate the extracellular matrix (ECM) in vivo by processing both its mechanical properties and confinement geometry. Here, we develop a multiscale whole-cell theory to investigate cell spreading and migration in two-dimensional viscoelastic channel confinements of varying width and curvature. Our simulations show that, in straight channels, the cell migration speed depends monotonically on the substrate elastic stiffness, which is otherwise biphasic on an unconfined substrate.

Impact of Thermal Manipulation of Broiler Eggs on Growth Performance, Splenic Inflammatory Cytokine Levels, and Heat Shock Protein Responses to Post-Hatch Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Challenge.

Thermal manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis is a promising non-pharmacological strategy to enhance physiological resilience in broiler chickens. This study evaluated the impact of thermal conditioning of fertile eggs on growth performance, inflammatory responses, and molecular stress markers following a post-hatch lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Fertilized eggs (average weight 62 ± 3 g) were obtained from 35-week-old Indian River broiler breeder hens.

Embryonic Thermal Manipulation Affects Body Performance Parameters and Cecum Microbiome in Broiler Chickens in Response to Post-Hatch Chronic Heat Stress Challenge.

Rising global temperatures challenge poultry production by disrupting the cecal microbiota, which is essential for chicken health. Thermal manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis is a potential strategy to enhance thermotolerance in broilers. This study examined TM's effects on the cecal microbiome, body weight (BW), and body temperature (BT) under chronic heat stress (CHS).

Increasing degradation-independent linear polyubiquitin in the hippocampus enhances memory in young adult but not aged rats.

Age-related memory loss affects approximately 40% of the world's population after the age of 65 and is a significant risk factor for the development of dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Numerous studies have reported that late in life there decreases in the function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the main regulator of protein degradation in cells that is also critically involved in memory formation. However, ubiquitin can mark proteins for fates other than destruction by the proteasome.

Anxiety, Worry, and Difficulty Concentrating: A Longitudinal Examination of Concurrent and Prospective Symptom Relationships.

Difficulty concentrating is an understudied cognitive phenomenon, despite its status as a diagnostic criterion for generalized anxiety disorder and contributor to clinically significant distress and impairment. Worry may constitute a cognitive mechanism by which anxiety leads to difficulty concentrating. The present study examined concurrent and prospective associations between self-reported anxiety, worry, and subjective difficulty concentrating across three timepoints (T1 April/May, T2 July/August, T3 October/November 2020) in 198 adults (M age = 37.

Discovering High-Entropy Oxides with a Machine-Learning Interatomic Potential.

High-entropy materials shift the traditional materials discovery paradigm to one that leverages disorder, enabling access to unique chemistries unreachable through enthalpy alone. We present a self-consistent approach integrating computation and experiment to understand and explore single-phase rocksalt high-entropy oxides. By leveraging a machine-learning interatomic potential, we rapidly and accurately map high-entropy composition space using our two descriptors: bond length distribution and mixing enthalpy.

Above-room-temperature strain-stable half-metallic phase owing to a high thermoelectric response in CaCuCrReO.

We present the electronic, magnetic, and thermoelectric properties of the CaCuCrReO quadruple double perovskite oxide (QDPO) using calculations. Strong antiferromagnetic interactions between Cu↑Cr↑Re↓ result in a ferrimagnetic (FiM) ground state. A half-metallic (HM) state is evident with a finite energy gap ( ) of 1.

RESEARCH NOTE: Exploring the Competence of Various Poultry Species for Cache Valley virus Infection.

Cache Valley virus (CVV) belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus, and is known to cause severe disease in ruminants, including spontaneous abortions and congenital defects. Previous evidence suggests there is the potential of CVV to infect poultry species due to its wide geographic range, reports of seropositivity in birds for Cholul or Maguari virus (closely related viruses), and isolations of CVV from highly ornithophilic mosquito vectors. To determine CVV's potential as a disease-causing agent in poultry species, we used two strains from the two recognized genetic lineages of CVV for both our in-vivo and in-vitro studies.

Real-space Kohn-Sham density functional theory for complex energy applications.

Real-space Kohn-Sham density functional theory (real-space KS-DFT) enables large-scale electronic structure simulations that is particularly well-suited for the modern high-performance computing (HPC) architectures. This feature article reviews its theoretical foundations, highlights the algorithmic advances and recent developments, and showcases applications in complex nano systems. We aim to provide a perspective on the trajectory of real-space KS-DFT as an emerging tool for computational chemistry and materials science in the exascale era.

Age-related dysregulation of proteasome-independent K63 polyubiquitination in the hippocampus and amygdala.

Cognitive decline with aging is a complex process involving multiple brain regions and molecular mechanisms. While the role of the canonical protein degradation function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been well studied in the context of aging and age-associated memory loss, the non-proteolytic functions of ubiquitin activity remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of lysine-63 (K63) polyubiquitination, the most abundant form of proteasome-independent ubiquitination, in aged rats, focusing on the hippocampus and amygdala, two brain regions reported to have cellular and molecular alterations with age that are associated with age-related memory loss.

Policy changes to US federal infant feeding laws and regulations from 2014-2023: evidence that the 2022 infant formula shortage had a narrow policy impact.

In the spring and summer of 2022, an infant formula shortage in the United States received extensive media coverage, widespread social media engagement, and visible political attention. The purpose of this study was to explore changes to federal infant feeding policies in relation to the 2022 infant formula shortage to determine whether the shortage provoked policy change, and if so, the nature of those policy changes. A mapping of federal laws, regulations, and presidential documents passed or substantively amended between 2014 and 2023 was conducted to explore changes in US infant feeding policies prior to and following the shortage.