Astrocytic monoamine oxidase B (MAOB)-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) axis as a molecular brake on repair following spinal cord injury.

Neuroregeneration and remyelination rarely occur in the adult mammalian brain and spinal cord following central nervous system (CNS) injury. The glial scar has been proposed as a major contributor to this failure in the regenerative process. However, its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear.

Chia seed mucilage biosorbent synergism with hydrophobic iron (III)-natural phenolic nanoparticles for dispersive solid-phase extraction of tetracycline residues in milk and honey samples before HPLC analysis.

This study utilized the synergistic effectiveness of chia seed mucilage and iron (III)-natural phenolic nanoparticles as biosorbents for the first time in the dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline followed by HPLC-UV quantification. An in-situ iron (III)-natural phenolic solid adsorbent was created using natural phenolics found in the copper pod tree bark. An ultrasonic-assisted extraction was performed to enhance the extraction efficiency of DSPE-based biosorbents.

Ultrathin Amorphous Boron Nitride Films and Their Functional Integration in Lithium Metal Anodes.

Ultrathin amorphous materials are promising counterparts to 2D crystalline materials, yet their properties and functionalities remain poorly understood. Amorphous boron nitride (aBN) has attracted attention for its ultralow dielectric constant and superior manufacturability compared with hexagonal boron nitride. Here, we demonstrate wafer-scale growth of ultrathin aBN films with exceptional thickness and composition uniformity using capacitively coupled plasma-chemical vapor deposition (CCP-CVD) at 400 °C.

Surface Reconstruction in Quasi-2D Perovskite Films Treated with Cesium Halide Nanocrystals: Halide Exchange or Phase Transformation.

The formation of heterostructure interfaces from quantum dots (or nanocrystals) and lower-dimensional (2D or quasi-2D) materials enables interfacial and optoelectronic property tuning. However, this strategy has not been sufficiently characterized, for example, the application of cesium halide nanocrystals to quasi-2D perovskite structures is underexplored, and the mechanisms of the resulting structural modifications and specific nanocrystal roles are not fully understood. Herein, the effects of postsynthetically surface-modifying quasi-2D perovskite films with CsX ( = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals are examined to bridge this gap.

ECG-GraphNet: Advanced arrhythmia classification based on graph convolutional networks.

Background: Deep learning has significantly improved medical diagnostics, particularly in electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis, yet accurate classification of arrhythmias remains challenging.

Objective: We propose Electrocardiogram Graph Convolutional Network (ECG-GraphNet), a graph convolutional network designed to classify arrhythmias into 3 types: normal (N), supraventricular ectopic (S), and ventricular ectopic (V) beats.

Methods: ECG-GraphNet utilizes a novel graph representation of ECG data in which the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave are modeled as individual nodes.

Disordered Inverse Photonic Beads Assembled From Linear Block Copolymers.

Structurally colored colloids, or photonic pigments, offer a sustainable alternative to conventional dyes, yet existing systems are constrained by limited morphologies and complex synthesis. In particular, achieving angle-independent color typically relies on disordered inverse architectures formed from synthetically demanding bottlebrush block copolymers (BCPs), hindering scalability and functional diversity. Here, we report a conceptually distinct strategy to assemble three-dimensional inverse photonic glass microparticles using amphiphilic linear BCPs (poly(styrene-block-4-vinylpyridine), PS-b-P4VP) via an emulsion-templated process.

Record Open-Circuit Voltage in Perovskite/PERC Tandem Solar Cells via Novel a-Si Interlayer Passivation.

Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem (PST) solar cells are rapidly emerging as next-generation solar cells with significant potential for commercialization. This study presents a proof of concept for a silicon diffused junction-based PST cell, utilizing a passivated emitter rear contact (PERC) cell with a low-temperature (<200 °C) laser-fired contact process to minimize thermal damage. By introducing amorphous silicon to the emitter surface of PERC bottom cell, the open circuit voltage (V) improve from 0.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants of Stability in Spiro-OMeTAD-Based Hole-Transporting Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells: Mechanistic Insights and Strategic Perspectives.

Spiro-OMeTAD has remained the benchmark hole-transporting material (HTM) in state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells, owing to its favorable energy level alignment and excellent interfacial compatibility. However, its practical implementation is critically hindered by the intrinsic instabilities introduced by conventional dopants such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP). While these dopants enhance electrical conductivity, they concurrently initiate multiple degradation pathways-including ionic migration, radical deactivation, and moisture/thermal-induced morphological failure-thereby compromising device longevity and reproducibility.

Homotopy reservoir computing: Harnessing chaos for computation.

Reservoir computing (RC) has traditionally relied on tuning systems toward the edge of chaos to optimize their computational capability. In contrast, we propose a novel method that starts from a fully chaotic system and systematically tames it into a trainable reservoir using homotopy. Our approach constructs adaptive reservoirs whose internal dynamics evolve in real time with the input, yielding a new class of computational models: Homotopy Reservoir Computing (Homotopy RC).

Picoliter ice particles by supersonic cryogenic jets for transdermal drug delivery: Extracellular vesicle application for skin diseases.

Transdermal drug delivery holds significant potential for treating skin conditions. Conventional methods utilizing needles or large unit drug delivery volumes often result in patient discomfort and inhomogeneous delivery. This study proposes a picoliter ice particle delivery (PIPD) technology that produces high-speed solid ice drug particles using controlled supersonic cryogenic jets for transdermal drug delivery.

Short-term memory errors are strongly associated with a drift in neural activity in the posterior parietal cortex.

Understanding the neural mechanisms behind short-term memory (STM) errors is crucial for unraveling cognitive processes and addressing deficits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. This study examines whether STM errors arise from misrepresentation of sensory information or decay in these representations over time. Using 2-photon calcium imaging in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of mice performing a delayed match-to-sample task, we identified a subset of PPC neurons exhibiting both directional and temporal selectivity.

Local nonequilibrium thermodynamics of polymer collapse dynamics.

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics plays a crucial role in understanding a wide range of physical and chemical processes. While significant advances have been made through frameworks, such as the fluctuation theorem, it remains challenging to define thermodynamic quantities, such as energy, entropy, and free energy, at the local level during nonequilibrium processes. Recently, Jinwoo and Tanaka [Sci.

Analysis of chromatin accessibility associated with azacitidine response in higher-risk myelodysplastic neoplasms.

Azacitidine, used in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic neoplasms, is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor that modifies epigenetic regulatory programs. The efficacy of azacitidine varies among patients, with approximately 50% of patients failing to respond. However, whether epigenomic factors affect responses to azacitidine has not been investigated.

Reduction of Nitrite at a Copper(II) Trans-κ-ONO Complex via Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and Oxygen Atom Transfer.

Reduction of nitrite (NO ) to nitric oxide (NO) serves important roles in NO-dependent signaling as well as in the broad nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. In biological system, copper-containing nitrite reductases (CuNiRs) are well known to bind a nitrite anion to mediate the nitrite reduction to release NO, of which the mechanism still requires further understanding. Herein, synthetic copper(II) nitrite complex with a rare binding mode, [Cu(Pr-tren)(trans-κ-ONO)] (2), is characterized physicochemically and examined in proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and oxygen atom transfer (OAT) to release NO.

Bioprinting Vascularized Constructs for Clinical Relevance: Engineering Hydrogel Systems for Biological Maturity.

Vascularization remains a critical challenge in tissue engineering, limiting graft survival, integration, and clinical translation. Although bioprinting enables spatial control over vascular architectures, many existing approaches prioritize geometric precision over biological performance. Bioprinted vasculature can be understood as a dynamic and time-dependent system that requires tissue-specific maturation.

From Carbon Nitrides to COFs: Opportunities and Prospects in Photocatalytic CO Reduction.

The continuing increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO), a major greenhouse gas and accelerating climate change are driving demand for innovative mitigation strategies. The photocatalytic CO reduction reaction (PCORR) presents a promising and sustainable route to convert CO into useful hydrocarbons and fuels utilizing sunlight, thereby mitigating CO emissions. This review examines the developmental aspects of light-driven CO conversion using organic polymeric photocatalysts, focusing on carbon nitrides (CNs), covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs).

3D Conjugated Nonflat Biphenyl Side Chains: Their Exclusive Role in Inducing Negative Electrostatic Potential in Efficient Organic Solar Cells.

In nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) (so-called Y-series)-based organic solar cells (OSCs), reducing energy loss, particularly nonradiative energy loss, is critical for achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, at present, molecular design strategies for controlling and/or optimizing energy loss involve multiple complexities. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the introduction of simple, 3D conjugated nonflat biphenyl side chains into a Y-series NFA (yielding BPY) can improve high dipole moments-induced intermolecular interactions and negatively charged surface electrostatic potential driven by partially isolated negative charges.

DNA damage response inhibitors in cancer therapy: Mechanisms, clinical development, and combination strategies.

Impaired genomic stability is a hallmark of many cancers, with the DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms serving as critical safeguards for maintaining genomic integrity. These intricate DDR networks, encompassing various DNA repair and damage checkpoint pathways, are essential for regulating the cell cycle, immune responses, and apoptosis. Notably, defects in DDR pathways, particularly those involving BRCA1/2 mutations, present exploitable vulnerabilities for targeted therapies such as PARP inhibitors (PARPi).

High-Resolution Imaging of Morphological Changes Associated with Apoptosis and Necrosis Using Single-Cell Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography.

Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) is a high-resolution interferometric imaging technique that enables label-free visualization of cellular structural changes. In this study, we employed a custom-built time-domain FF-OCT system to monitor morphological alterations in HeLa cells undergoing doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and ethanol-induced necrosis at the single-cell level. Apoptotic cells showed characteristic features such as echinoid spine formation, cell contraction, membrane blebbing, and filopodia reorganization.

Signal-noise separation using unsupervised reservoir computing.

Removing noise from a signal without knowing the characteristics of the noise is a challenging task. This paper introduces a signal-noise separation method based on time-series prediction. We use Reservoir Computing (RC) to extract the maximum portion of "predictable information" from a given signal.

Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction regulates the translational activity, function and lung pathogenicity of group 2 innate lymphoid cells.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are central effectors of type 2 immune responses in the lung; however, how mechanical cues regulate their function remains unclear. Here, we identified the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 as a key regulator of ILC2 effector function through translational control. Piezo1 is highly expressed in murine and human ILC2s, and its activation by mechanical stress or the Piezo1 agonist, Yoda1 induces calcium influx, triggering mTOR signaling and selectively enhancing IL-13 protein production.

Water quality variables and spectral indices as predictors of E. coli concentrations in an irrigation pond: A case study.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a commonly used indicator of microbial water quality affecting public health and farm enterprise sustainability. Remote sensing has become an effective tool to overcome traditional water quality monitoring limitations.

Disrupted theta oscillation propagation in healthy elderly individuals with apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele.

Introduction: The apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE4) is one of the most influential genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Past studies have identified electroencephalogram (EEG) biomarkers in theta oscillations shared by both healthy individuals with APOE4 and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), indicating the potentials of EEG biomarkers in healthy individuals with APOE4 for understanding and predicting LOAD. Since AD reveals a disconnection syndrome characterized by pathological synaptic connections that are also observed with APOE4, we aimed to investigate whether EEG oscillation propagation that could be influenced by impaired synaptic connections is disrupted in healthy individuals with APOE4.

Space-Confined Electrocatalysis for Water Splitting: Synthesis, Performances, and Reaction Mechanism of Nanomaterials Toward High-Performance Catalysis.

Water splitting represents a sustainable and environmentally benign approach for green hydrogen generation and future clean energy solutions. In this context, space-confined synthesis has emerged as a powerful strategy for engineering high-performance electrocatalysts. Recent studies have demonstrated that low-dimensional nanomaterials synthesized via confinement techniques exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic properties.

Developmental Hypoxia Enhances Kidney Organoid Complexity and Maturity.

Reciprocal signaling between metanephric mesenchyme (MM) and ureteric bud (UB) is essential for human kidney development. However, human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids do not incorporate UB differentiation, limiting organoid maturation and disease modeling. Here, a hypoxia-based differentiation method inspired by developmental cues is reported that produces mature kidney organoids with collecting duct-like tubules connected to multiple nephrons.