Chronic kidney disease and incident cancer risk: an individual participant data meta-analysis.

Background: Studies examining the association of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with cancer risk have demonstrated conflicting results.

Methods: This was an individual participant data meta-analysis including 54 international cohorts contributing to the CKD Prognosis Consortium. Included cohorts had data on albuminuria [urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR)], estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), overall and site-specific cancer incidence, and established risk factors for cancer.

Evaluation of ophthalmic large language models: quantitative vs. qualitative methods.

Purpose Of Review: Alongside the development of large language models (LLMs) and generative artificial intelligence (AI) applications across a diverse range of clinical applications in Ophthalmology, this review highlights the importance of evaluation of LLM applications by discussing evaluation metrics commonly adopted.

Recent Findings: Generative AI applications have demonstrated encouraging performance in clinical applications of Ophthalmology. Beyond accuracy, evaluation in the form of quantitative and qualitative metrics facilitate a more nuanced assessment of LLM output responses.

Development and evaluation of a lightweight large language model chatbot for medication enquiry.

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in augmenting digital health applications. However, development and scaling of large models face computational constraints, data security concerns and limitations of internet accessibility in some regions. We developed and tested Med-Pal, a medical domain-specific LLM-chatbot fine-tuned with a fine-grained, expert curated medication-enquiry dataset consisting of 1,100 question and answer pairs.

Macular Buckle, Vitrectomy or combined approach for the management of Macular Hole Retinal Detachment: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

Topic: There is no consensus regarding management of macular hole retinal detachment (MHRD). Techniques such as trans pars plana vitrectomy (TPPV), macular buckle (MB), and combined approach have been described.

Clinical Relevance: To review anatomical and functional outcomes of different surgical interventions for MHRD.

Fusing Structural Phenotypes with Functional Data for Early Prediction of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Progression.

Purpose: To classify eyes as slow or fast glaucoma progressors in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) using an integrated approach combining optic nerve head (ONH) structural features and sector-based visual field (VF) functional parameters.

Design: Retrospective longitudinal study.

Participants: PACG patients from glaucoma clinics.

Controversies, Consensuses and Guidelines on Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Developments of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD) by the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), the Asia-Pacific Ocular Imaging Society (APOIS) and the Academy of the Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO).

Neovascular age-related degeneration (nAMD) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in older populations in the developed world. With the aging population, the incidence of nAMD is growing globally. Despite advancements in diagnostic investigations and treatment modalities over the past three decades, there remains considerable controversies in the pathogenesis, classification and optimal management strategies.

The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in Canada: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Canada and to explore possible differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians with diabetes.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: The Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science Databases were searched.

An artificial intelligence cloud platform for OCT-based retinal anomalies screening system in real clinical environments.

Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from retinal anomalies, which can lead to irreversible vision loss. However, the number of ophthalmologists is highly mismatched with the population base in China, especially in many rural and underdeveloped towns. To tackle these challenges, this paper developed an Artificial Intelligence Cloud Platform for OCT-based Retinal Anomalies Screening (AI-PORAS), which is capable of detecting 15 retinal anomalies in OCT images to enhance remote diagnostic efficiency.

A Comprehensive Review of the Role of Rho-Kinase Inhibitors in Corneal Diseases.

There is growing interest in the application of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors (ROCKI) to the treatment of corneal diseases. ROCK is a key regulator of several cellular processes in the cornea, including cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation, migration, inflammation, and wound healing. ROCKI, such as ripasudil and netarsudil, enhances endothelial cell migration, and promotes repair in conditions characterized by endothelial dysfunction.

Machine Learning for Predicting Recurrent Course in Uveitis Using Baseline Clinical Characteristics.

Purpose: We developed and evaluated machine learning models for predicting the risk of recurrent uveitis using baseline clinical characteristics, to inform clinical decision-making and risk stratification.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the Ocular Autoimmune Systemic Inflammatory Infectious Study registry, including 966 patients (1432 eyes) with uveitis. Three machine learning classifiers-random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and radial basis function support vector classifier-were trained on preprocessed baseline demographic and clinical data.

An eyecare foundation model for clinical assistance: a randomized controlled trial.

In the context of an increasing need for clinical assessments of foundation models, we developed EyeFM, a multimodal vision-language eyecare copilot, and conducted a multifaceted evaluation, including retrospective validations, multicountry efficacy validation as a clinical copilot and a double-masked randomized controlled trial (RCT). EyeFM was pretrained on 14.5 million ocular images from five imaging modalities paired with clinical texts from global, multiethnic datasets.

Diabetic retinal disease.

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that is clinically characterized by changes in retinal microvasculature. Diabetic retinopathy is now better defined as diabetic retinal disease (DRD), as diabetes mellitus affects not only the retinal microvasculature but the whole retina, including neurons and glia. A global concerted effort to study preclinical and clinical signs of DRD and their association with visual acuity and patient-reported vision-related quality of life, and the integration of these features with systemic health and biochemical milieu in people with diabetes mellitus is underway.

Intravitreal Aflibercept 8 mg in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: 96-Week Results from the Randomized Phase 3 PULSAR Trial.

Purpose: To follow up the previously published comparison of aflibercept 8 mg at extended dosing intervals versus aflibercept 2 mg every 8 weeks, in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) through 48 weeks, we now report efficacy, durability and safety analyses through 96 weeks.

Design: PULSAR (NCT04423718): phase 3, randomized, non-inferiority, 96-week trial.

Participants: Treatment-naive adults aged ≥50 years with active, subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to nAMD.

Deep Learning-Based Detection of Papilledema on Retinal Photographs From Handheld Cameras: A Prospective Study.

Background: Papilledema and other optic neuropathies are critical findings in neuro-ophthalmology that require timely and accurate diagnosis. This study evaluates the performance of a deep learning system (DLS) to identify papilledema and other optic neuropathies, when applied to a large dataset of retinal photographs acquired prospectively with a handheld nonmydriatic camera in a neuro-ophthalmology department.

Methods: International multiethnic, multicenter study including 20,533 retinal photographs (10,647 patients) from 31 centers worldwide.

A survey of genotypes associated with Leber congenital amaurosis and early-onset severe retinal degeneration identified in a Singaporean patient cohort.

Purpose: Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and early-onset severe retinal degeneration (EOSRD) are inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) characterized by visual impairment beginning in infancy or childhood. This study aimed to describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of the first prospectively enrolled Singaporean patient cohort with disease-causing variants in genes associated with LCA, EOSRD, or related early-onset phenotypes.

Methods: Thirty-four patients from 30 families were prospectively recruited and underwent comprehensive clinical and genetic evaluation.

Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) due to polyAla site variant in diagnostic challenges with NGS.

This report presents a case of blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) identified in a term neonate. This patient presented with the four typical ophthalmic signs: short horizontal palpebral fissures (blepharophimosis), impaired levator palpebrae superioris muscle function leading to drooping of upper eyelids (ptosis), skin folding on the medial lower eyelid ascending to the upper eyelid (epicanthus inversus) and increased medial intercanthal distance (telecanthus). On genetic analysis, a polyalanine (polyAla) tract expansion in the gene was identified.

Plain language summary of publication of the 48-week results from the PULSAR study investigating how well a new dose of aflibercept works and how safe it is for people with wet age-related macular degeneration.

What is this summary about? • This is a summary of a publication about the PULSAR study, which was published in scientific journal. • Wet age-related (or AMD) is a long-term eye disease in which abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. As these vessels leak fluid or blood, the word "wet" is part of the disease name.

Controversies, Consensuses, and Guidelines on Preventing, Diagnosing and Managing Acute-onset Bacterial Endophthalmitis after Cataract Surgery by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), and the Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Inflammation and Infection (APSOII).

Post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis is a serious but largely preventable clinical entity. The implementation of uniform pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative protocols is essential to reduce its incidence. In light of emerging evidence and considerable variability in clinical practices, a panel of international experts from the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), and the Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Inflammation and Infection (APSOII) convened to develop evidence-based guidelines addressing all phases of cataract surgery.

Exploration of imaging and molecular biomarkers for differentiation of neuropathic corneal pain from dry eye syndrome.

Purpose: To investigate the imaging, clinical, and tear proteomic profiles between neuropathic corneal pain (NCP) and dry eye disease (DED), and to identify potential imaging and molecular biomarkers for the differentiation of NCP from DED.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 54 NCP patients (105 eyes), 53 DED patients (106 eyes), and 54 healthy controls (108 eyes). All subjects were evaluated with ocular surface assessment, ocular pain assessment survey (OPAS), and in-vivo confocal microscopy to characterize corneal nerves, microneuromas (MNs), immune cells, and epithelial cells.

Functionally deficient UBOX5 variants and primary angle-closure glaucoma.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide afflicting >20 million people. Through whole exome sequencing, we analysed the association between gene-based burden of rare, protein-altering genetic variants and disease risk in 4,667 affected individuals and 5,473 unaffected controls. We tested genes surpassing exome-wide significance (P < 2.

Predictive capabilities of polygenic scores in an East-Asian population-based cohort: the Singapore Chinese health study.

Polygenic scores (PGS) are derived primarily from European population studies. It is unclear how these perform in risk predictions among East-Asians. We generated 2173 PGSs from 519 traits and assessed their associations with 58 baseline phenotypes in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 23,622 Chinese adults residing in Singapore.

The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in American Indians/Alaska Natives and non-Indigenous Americans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Topic: To estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in adult American Indians / Alaska Natives (AI/AN) and non-AI/AN patients with diabetes.

Clinical Relevance: Although diabetes mellitus is more prevalent among AI/AN patients compared to non-AI/AN patients, the evidence is inconsistent regarding whether AI/AN patients have a higher prevalence or severity of diabetic retinopathy.

Methods: We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science Databases from inception until February 23 2025.