Retinal Layer Thickness and Volume Measurements in Traumatic Brain Injury.

To assess retinal layer thickness and volume by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with prior traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adults (≥18 years) with prior TBI were prospectively recruited. 512 × 128-mm macular cube scans were obtained using Zeiss Cirrus HD-5000 OCT.

Choroidal Vascularity Index as a marker of health and disease: Systematic review and meta-Analyses.

The Choroidal Vascularity Index (CVI), derived from optical coherence tomography (OCT), has emerged as a potential biomarker for detecting vascular changes. Understanding its variability across physiological states, ocular conditions, and systemic diseases is crucial for its integration into clinical practice. We evaluated variations in CVI across different physiological states (e.

Detection and quantification of fluorescein angiography leakage: From manual grading to advances in machine learning.

Fluorescein angiography (FA) has long been a cornerstone for evaluating retinal vascular leakage in diseases like uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration, but its interpretation relies on subjective grading that can vary between clinicians. With the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), there is a push to transform this qualitative assessment into objective, quantifiable metrics. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, combining keywords and MeSH terms related to fluorescein angiography leakage, artificial intelligence, and retinal vascular diseases.

Machine Learning for Predicting Recurrent Course in Uveitis Using Baseline Clinical Characteristics.

Purpose: We developed and evaluated machine learning models for predicting the risk of recurrent uveitis using baseline clinical characteristics, to inform clinical decision-making and risk stratification.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the Ocular Autoimmune Systemic Inflammatory Infectious Study registry, including 966 patients (1432 eyes) with uveitis. Three machine learning classifiers-random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and radial basis function support vector classifier-were trained on preprocessed baseline demographic and clinical data.

Controversies, Consensuses, and Guidelines on Preventing, Diagnosing and Managing Acute-onset Bacterial Endophthalmitis after Cataract Surgery by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), and the Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Inflammation and Infection (APSOII).

Post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis is a serious but largely preventable clinical entity. The implementation of uniform pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative protocols is essential to reduce its incidence. In light of emerging evidence and considerable variability in clinical practices, a panel of international experts from the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), and the Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Inflammation and Infection (APSOII) convened to develop evidence-based guidelines addressing all phases of cataract surgery.

Minimum Imaging Sets for Diagnosis, Activity Assessment, and Complications in Noninfectious Posterior Uveitis - Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Task Force Report 9.

Purpose: To evaluate a minimum imaging set (MIS) to support ophthalmologists in diagnosing, monitoring disease activity, and identifying disease-specific complications for six types of noninfectious posterior uveitides (NIPU).

Design: Visual questionnaire answered live by a group of ophthalmologists.

Participants: International group of ophthalmologists, including uveitis experts, medical retina experts, general ophthalmologists, and ophthalmologists-in-training.

Choroidal vascularity index is independent of ocular and image-based factors in healthy eyes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Choroidal vascularity index (CVI) has been extensively used to assess choroidal health in posterior eye disease; however, interpretation is hindered by conflicting evidence on effect of normal physiological factors on CVI. Thus, this review aimed to derive a normative value for CVI and understand its relationship with various normal ocular/image-based factors. Studies were screened for eligibility, defined as eyes with normal ocular parameters (refractive error (RxE) < ± 6 DS, intraocular pressure (IOP < 21 mmHg) and no posterior segment disease and 98 studies were included.

Climate Change and the Impact on Ocular Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review.

Climate change and global warming significantly affect the incidence and distribution of infectious ocular diseases. This narrative review explores how climate-related factors-including extreme weather events, precipitation, temperature fluctuations, humidity, wind patterns, ultraviolet radiation, and air pollution-can directly and indirectly influence the burden of ocular infections. By synthesizing evidence from the published literature, we examine how these environmental variables impact disease mechanisms such as pathogen survival, transmission dynamics, and host susceptibility.

Correlating retinal and choroidal vascular parameters with volumetric MRI in Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Background: We assess the relationships between retinal and choroidal structural and microvascular parameters and brain volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods: Participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) imaging using the Zeiss Cirrus HD-5000 AngioPlex (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and volumetric brain MRI imaging with NeuroQuant (CorTechs Labs, San Diego, CA) analysis. Retinal and choroidal structural and microvascular parameters were extracted from OCT and OCTA scans.

Evidence and Consensus Based Imaging Guidelines in Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome Multimodal imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce Report 6.

Purpose: To develop imaging and consensus-based guidelines on the application of multimodal imaging in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS).

Design: Consensus agreement guided by literature, and an expert committee using a nominal group technique (NGT).

Methods: The expert committee employed a structured NGT with multiple rounds of discussion, conflict resolution, and anonymous voting to: (1) establish imaging criteria for diagnosing and monitoring MEWDS using color fundus photography (CFP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and OCT angiography (OCTA); and (2) develop consensus-based recommendations for assessing specific characteristics in patients with MEWDS.

Evidence and Consensus-Based Imaging Guidelines in Noninfectious Posterior Uveitis-Methodology of the Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Project Report 2.

Purpose: The Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) project is a comprehensive initiative aimed at developing guidelines for the use of multimodal imaging (MMI) in diagnosing and managing noninfectious posterior uveitis (NIPU). This project seeks to develop standardized guidelines and a minimal imaging set leading to evidence and consensus-based imaging guidelines that are applicable across diverse clinical settings. This manuscript describes the overall goals and methodology of the project.

Immunomodulatory therapy in non-infectious Uveitis: Current landscape, gaps, and future directions.

Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) is a potentially sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory condition that may arise idiopathically or in association with systemic immune-mediated diseases. While corticosteroids remain essential for rapid suppression of inflammation, their long-term use is limited by significant systemic and ocular side effects. Thus, immunomodulatory therapy (IMT)-including antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, biologics, and emerging small molecules-has become central to achieving sustained control with a reduced corticosteroid burden in chronic cases.

Artificial intelligence in the prediction of glaucoma development and progression: A systematic review.

Glaucoma remains the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Artificial intelligence (AI) may help enhance predict glaucoma development and progression. We provide a consolidated review of AI usage in predicting the (a) development of glaucoma in glaucoma suspects and normal patients, (b) progression of existing glaucoma, and (c) progression towards the occurrence of surgery.

Advanced Characterization of Vitreous Hyperreflective Dots via OCT-Derived Metrics: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: The use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a potential tool for the measurement of vitreous inflammation has been previously described as a more objective and reproducible method when compared to historically known subjective scales. In this study, our objective is to evaluate OCT's ability to characterize vitreous hyperreflective dots (VHDs) across eyes with varying conditions, including healthy controls, vitreous degenerations, intraocular inflammation, and others.

Methods: We utilized a purpose built semiautomated software comprising an image binarization tool to segment OCT scans of 61 eyes, comprising 15 eyes with vitreous degenerations, 20 uveitic eyes, 17 healthy controls, and 9 with other eye conditions.

Validation of the COTS Calculator for Tubercular Uveitis: Predictive Performance and Diagnostic Utility in an Indian Cohort.

Purpose: Diagnosing ocular tuberculosis (OTB) is clinically challenging due to its paucibacillary nature and lack of definitive diagnostic tests. The Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS) Calculator was developed as a clinical decision-support tool to guide anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) initiation. This study externally validates the COTS Calculator in a high-burden Indian cohort and assesses the additive value of radiological and immunological testing.

International reporting guidelines for tear fluid research: A Delphi consensus.

Purpose: Tear fluid is a valuable biomarker source for diagnostics, monitoring, and screening thanks to its minimally invasive, inexpensive, and rapid collection. However, the lack of standardized reporting has hindered reproducibility in the field. To address these challenges, this study aimed to establish international consensus-based reporting guidelines tailored to tear fluid research.

Evidence and Consensus-Based Imaging Guidelines in Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) - Multimodal imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce Report 7.

Purpose: To develop consensus-based guidelines on use and interpretation of multimodal imaging in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE).

Design: Consensus agreement led by literature, and an expert committee using a nominal group technique (NGT).

Methods: The expert committee for APMPPE performed a thorough review of representative cases of APMPPE.

Evidence and Consensus-Based Imaging Guidelines in Serpiginous Choroiditis-Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Task Force Report 4.

Purpose: To develop imaging and consensus-based guidelines for the application of multimodal imaging in serpiginous choroiditis (SC).

Design: Consensus agreement guided by literature search, and an expert committee using a nominal group technique.

Methods: An expert committee gathered cases of noninfectious SC based on predefined informatics-driven inclusion criteria.

A Survey of Diagnostic and Management Practices in Retinal Vasculitis: International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) Retinal Vasculitis Study (ReViSe)-Report 5.

Purpose: Retinal vasculitis (RV) is a complex inflammatory disorder of retinal blood vessels with variability in diagnosis, classification, and management. Despite efforts to standardize definitions, discrepancies persist regarding clinical features, systemic associations, and treatment approaches. This study aimed to assess clinical practices among uveitis specialists to identify areas requiring consensus.

Non-surgical interventions for proliferative vitreoretinopathy-a systematic review.

Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of surgical failure after retinal detachment (RD) repair, complicating up to 10% of spontaneous RD repairs and 50% of open globe injury-related RD. Early surgical intervention is currently the only intervention that reduces PVR incidence. An effective non-surgical intervention would be valuable in reducing PVR incidence and/or severity, particularly where access to surgery is limited or may be delayed.

Novel Artificial Intelligence-Based Quantification of Anterior Chamber Inflammation Using Vision Transformers.

Purpose: Quantitative assessment of inflammation is critical for the accurate diagnosis and effective management of uveitis. This study aims to introduce a novel three-dimensional vision transformer approach using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to quantify anterior chamber (AC) inflammation in uveitis patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2023 at a single tertiary eye center in Singapore, analyzing 830 AS-OCT B-scans from 180 participants, including uveitis patients at various stages of inflammation and healthy controls.

Clinical features of retinal vasculitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) Retinal Vasculitis Study (ReViSe) Report 3.

We investigate the clinical characteristics and complications of retinal vasculitis (RV), categorizing cases into Secondary RV (associated with systemic disease), Syndromic RV (linked to ocular syndromes without systemic disease), Idiopathic RV (without systemic disease or ocular syndrome diagnoses), and Multiple Etiology RV (cohorts of retinal vasculitis with more than one subcategories of the above). A systematic search was conducted on June 14, 2023, across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane (Ovid), VHL, and ProQuest databases, following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration: CRD42023489232). Out of 5533 screened articles, 97 studies involving 7619 patients with RV met the eligibility criteria.

Programme for ocular inflammation & infection translational research (PROTON) registry: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline patient characteristics.

Purpose: The Programme for Ocular Inflammation & Infection Translational Research (PROTON) registry collects real-world data on infectious and non-infectious ocular inflammatory diseases (OID) to enhance understanding of disease progression and treatment outcomes. This report presents the baseline characteristics of patients enrolled in two international multicentric studies, OASIS 1 and OASIS 2, over the first two years.

Design: A cross-sectional observational study.