A Real-World Cohort Study of the Risks of Kidney Failure and Death in Diabetes.

Background: Risks of kidney failure versus death in diabetes have not been previously quantified across a full range of kidney function. The study aim was to assess competing risks of kidney failure and death in a real-world cohort with diabetes.

Methods: Cumulative incidence functions for kidney failure and death, stratified by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), were estimated for the diabetes population from electronic health record data at Providence and the University of California Los Angeles health systems.

Seven candidate interventions to address abuse of older people.

The Abuse of Older People - Intervention Accelerator (AOP-IA) project aims to accelerate the development of effective interventions to prevent and reduce AOP aged 60 and older within the framework of the United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021-2030). The AOP-IA was launched in response to the global need for interventions with proven effectiveness, as few existing approaches have been rigorously evaluated. This paper focuses on the first two phases of the AOP-IA project, which involved conducting a systematic search, screening and evaluation process to identify candidate interventions ready to be rigorously evaluated in future stages of the project, as well as establishing a network of intervention developers.

Computational modeling for PPE filtration: Informed by material characterization, microbial penetration, and particle mechanics.

This work assesses the current characterization framework of single-use personal protective equipment (PPE) per recognized consensus standards and presents a novel quantitative approach to refining characterization of barrier materials and predicting PPE performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and image analysis software (Diameter J) were used to examine the microscopic fiber and pore structure of filter layers of surgical N95 filtering facepiece respirators, before and after exposure to chemicals used in decontamination modalities (vaporized hydrogen peroxide or ozone). The effect of porosity on penetration was assessed by bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) testing.

Six Cases of Borealpox and Evidence of a Zoonotic Source-Alaska, 2020-2023.

Background: Borealpox virus (previously known as Alaskapox virus) is an Orthopoxvirus species first identified in a patient living near Fairbanks, Alaska, in 2015; the source of the patient's infection was unknown. Six additional borealpox cases have been identified through 2023.

Methods: We conducted interviews to ascertain travel history and potential exposures for the six patients, trapped small mammals for orthopoxvirus testing, and performed a phylogenetic analysis of viral DNA sequences.

Same-day multiplex detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens for clinical diagnostics and food safety.

Aims: This study aims to develop and evaluate a rapid and high-multiplex pathogen detection method for clinical and food specimens to address the ongoing public health threat of foodborne infections and the limitations of conventional culture-based diagnostics.

Methods And Results: The foodborne bacteria (FBB) assay integrates multiplex PCR, T7 exonuclease hydrolysis, and a suspension bead array to simultaneously detect 16 genes from 13 major foodborne bacteria. Analytical performance was evaluated using reference strains, while diagnostic performance was assessed using clinical and food samples.

Narrowing and Reversing Sex Gaps in Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder Among Adolescents and Young Adults.

Background: Historically, cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) have been more prevalent among males. However, emerging evidence suggests cannabis use may be increasing faster among females in younger age groups. This study characterized changes in female versus male differences in cannabis use and CUD across age groups and time.

Spatial variation of infectious virus load in aggregated day 3 post-inoculation respiratory tract tissues from influenza A virus-infected ferrets.

The ferret model is widely used to study influenza A viruses (IAVs) isolated from multiple avian and mammalian species, as IAVs typically replicate in the respiratory tract of ferrets without the need for prior host adaptation. During standard IAV risk assessments, tissues are routinely collected from ferrets at a fixed time point post-inoculation to assess the capacity for systemic spread. Here, we describe a data set of virus titers in tissues collected from both respiratory tract and extrapulmonary sites 3 days post-inoculation from over 300 ferrets inoculated with more than 100 unique IAVs (inclusive of H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, and H9 IAV subtypes, both mammalian and zoonotic origin).

Understanding How Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Impacts the Career and Independence of Young Adults.

Research on mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and its impact on young adults is limited, despite this being an important time in their lives to work toward independence and career development. We analyzed data on 663 persons aged 17-29 years old with mTBI (i.e.

Changes in the Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection.

This article describes the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) by outlining common approaches to CDI surveillance, including the application of a case definition and risk adjustment, and summarizing recent global trends in the incidence or prevalence of CDI. The article also describes important risk factors for CDI and recent advancements in identifying sources of C difficile.

Obesity Among Children and Adolescents in NHANES August 2021-August 2023: An Examination of Race/Hispanic Origin Subgroup Estimates.

Background: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provides nationally representative data on child obesity using measured height and weight. Due to COVID-19, the NHANES August 2021-August 2023 cycle had design changes and smaller sample sizes for certain race/Hispanic origin groups. The objective is to explore sex and race/Hispanic origin-specific childhood obesity trends.

Safety and effectiveness of contraception among women with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.

Objectives: To systematically review evidence on the safety and effectiveness of contraceptive use among women with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Study Design: We searched for articles in multiple databases from database inception through December 12, 2022, that assessed safety and effectiveness of contraceptive use among women with CKD; all study designs were included. We extracted data from included articles; for studies that were not case series or case reports, we assessed risk of bias and determined certainty of evidence for each outcome.

Phase 2C clinical trial of novel short-course regimens for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: TBTC study 38/CRUSH-TB design.

Introduction: Preclinical and clinical study data show that combining bedaquiline (B or BDQ), moxifloxacin (M), and pyrazinamide (Z), known as BMZ, has potent antimicrobial activity that might shorten treatment duration for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis.

Methods/design: We describe the design of Tuberculosis Trials Consortium (TBTC) Study 38/CRUSH-TB (NCT05766267), an open-label multicenter international randomized controlled phase 2C trial that compares two four-month regimens, BMZ plus rifabutin (Rb) (2BMZRb/2BMRb) or BMZ plus delamanid (D or DLM) (2BMZD/2BMD), with standard 6-months isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (HRZE). All drugs are administered seven days per week, under direct observation, at least five days per week.

Evaluation of Kindergarten Through Grade 12 All-Cause Absenteeism Data as an Indicator and Predictor of Respiratory Disease, 2018-2022.

Objectives: Increases in absenteeism among schoolchildren may precede increases in incidence of community-level respiratory diseases. This study assessed the correlations and predictive values between all-cause absenteeism among kindergarten through grade 12 students and community-level increases in influenza and COVID-19.

Methods: We used absenteeism data from 4 school districts (1 each in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Wisconsin) between fall 2018 (starting approximately late August) and spring 2022 (typically ending in May) to calculate correlations between school absenteeism and community-level cases of influenza, percentage of influenza-like illness, and COVID-19.

Incidence of long COVID among U.S. children and adults during the omicron era - Tracking Post-COVID Conditions (Track-PCC) network, 2022-2023.

Background: Long COVID, or Post-COVID Conditions (PCC), refers to new and persisting sequelae occurring in the months following an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although previous studies have reported estimates of PCC incidence, few have examined trends during the Omicron variant period or have included geographically distinct regions for the same time periods.

Methods: Track PCC is a surveillance network, leveraging electronic health records and public health data to monitor incidence over time across five diverse geographic sites in the U.

Assessment of influenza vaccine effectiveness among the elderly in Taiwan using population-based registry data for the 2023-2024 season.

Introduction: Influenza infection can cause serious complications in the elderly, including hospitalizations and death. In Taiwan, government-funded influenza vaccination is offered to the elderly ≥65 years old. We aim to evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) among this group during 2023-2024 influenza season using national databases.

Diagnostic and analytic performance of four point-of-care hemoglobin testing devices used in routine HIV and maternity care in Uganda.

Background: Hemoglobin estimation (Hb) is the most requested hematology test, especially among pregnant/postnatal women and people living with HIV (PLHIV). In Uganda, several point-of-care (POC) Hb testing devices are currently used and performance may be affected by multiple factors. This study evaluated the diagnostic and analytic performance of four Hb POC devices.

Systematic search and review of racial and ethnic differences in traumatic brain injury prevalence and incidence.

Background: Previous research suggests that some racial/ethnic groups are at increased risk for poor health outcomes following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Less is known about the extent to which TBI prevalence and incidence vary by race/ethnicity. This paper presents results of a systematic search and review of TBI prevalence and incidence among US racial and ethnic groups.

Association of heart attack or stroke history with current mental health symptoms among adults in the USA: cross-sectional analyses of nationally representative samples.

Objectives: This study uses nationally representative survey data from the USA to estimate the relationship between a history of heart attack or stroke with the prevalence of mental health symptoms.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Data from the 2019 and the 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) sample adult interview.

Associations Between Gestational Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Serum Concentrations and Child Sleep Outcomes from Ages 2 to 8 Years.

Gestational polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) exposures have been associated with thyroid disruption in pregnant women and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in their children, but it is unknown if they interfere with children's sleep patterns. We assessed gestational PBDE exposure (16 weeks) and child sleep patterns from ages 2 to 8 years using 410 mother-child dyads in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study. Gestational biomarkers of serum PBDEs include PBDE-153 (GM±GSD: 5.

Differences in influenza vaccination coverage by race and ethnicity across age groups in the Vaccine Safety Datalink, 2017-18 through 2022-23 influenza seasons.

Influenza vaccination coverage assessments by race and ethnicity can identify populations less protected from influenza morbidity and mortality and help focus vaccination efforts. Across eight Vaccine Safety Datalink health systems, we identified influenza vaccines administered from August 1 through March 31 each season from 2017 to 18 through 2022-23 using electronic health records linked to immunization registries. We calculated crude vaccination coverage for each season among people in five age groups (6 months-8 years, 9-17, 18-49, 50-64, and ≥ 65 years) by self-reported race and ethnicity.

Comparison of US TBI-related emergency department visits from two data sources: NEISS-AIP and HCUP-NEDS.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) surveillance in the USA has historically used hospital administrative datasets and vital records to determine the number and rate of people who are hospitalised or die from a TBI. However, gaps exist in obtaining timely and accurate estimates of emergency department (ED)-treated TBIs. The purpose of this paper is to compare the number of TBI-related ED visits derived from two national datasets.

Geographic trends in acarological risk reporting for Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)-borne infections across the eastern United States based on data submissions to the ArboNET Tick Module, 2004 to 2023.

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention introduced the National Tick Surveillance Program in 2018 to better define areas of acarologic risk in response to the increasing burden of blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis, Acari: Ixodidae)-associated infections. The program coordinates surveillance efforts conducted by state and local public health programs and collates acarological data in the ArboNET Tick Module national database. Among the metrics collected, the density of infected host-seeking nymphs (DIN) is believed to be most closely correlated with the reported occurrence of tick-borne diseases.