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Recent advancements in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have strengthened the bridge between virtual and real worlds via human-machine interfaces. Despite extensive research into biophysical signals, gustation, a fundamental component of the five senses, has experienced limited progress. This work reports a bio-integrated gustatory interface, "e-Taste," to address the underrepresented chemical dimension in current VR/AR technologies. This system facilitates remote perception and replication of taste sensations through the coupling of physically separated sensors and actuators with wireless communication modules. By using chemicals representing five basic tastes, systematic codesign of key functional components yields reliable performance including tunability, versatility, safety, and mechanical robustness. Field testing involving human subjects focusing on user perception confirms its proficiency in digitally simulating a range of taste intensities and combinations. Overall, this investigation pioneers a chemical dimension in AR/VR technology, paving the way for users to transcend visual and auditory virtual engagements by integrating the taste sensation into virtual environment for enhanced digital experiences.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr4797 | DOI Listing |
Physiology (Bethesda)
November 2025
Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Insects rely on chemoreceptors in sensory neurons to detect and discriminate various chemicals in constantly changing environments. Among the chemoreceptors, odorant receptors (ORs) and gustatory receptors (GRs) play essential roles in sensing different odorant and tastant molecules, thereby regulating insects' physiology and behaviors such as feeding, mating, and alarming. ORs and GRs are evolutionarily related seven-transmembrane helical proteins that constitute a large family of tetrameric ion channels.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMater Horiz
June 2025
Department of Materials Science and Engneering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Human-machine interfaces (HMIs) have received significant attention for their potential in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). Perception of food is an important component of human sensations closely related to healthcare and overall quality of life, which, however, is an underrepresented area in current VR/AR technologies. This review summarizes recent progress in simulating chemical and physical sensations for enhancing eating experiences by utilizing emerging wearable electronics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Neurosci
March 2025
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
Introduction: This study introduces an advanced gustometer to record Gustatory Event-Related Potentials (GERPs) in healthy young adults. We aimed to validate its functionality and reliability.
Methods: The gustometer includes a programmable controller, a human-machine interface, a modular pump system, and supporting hardware.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
March 2025
The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
In the past decades, conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have become prominent in sensing applications due to their unique properties, including strong and tunable light absorption, high sensitivity, water solubility, and biocompatibility. Inspired by mammalian olfactory and gustatory systems, CPE-based sensor arrays have made significant strides in discriminating structurally similar analytes and complex mixtures for various applications. This review consolidates recent advancements in CPE-based sensor arrays, highlighting rational design, controllable fabrication, and effective data processing methods.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Adv
February 2025
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.