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Chloropropanols are among the major food contaminants, and quantifying their content in food is a key food-safety issue. In response to the demand for highly sensitive and selective analysis, the scientific community is committed to continuous innovation and optimization of various analytical techniques. This paper comprehensively reviews the latest developments in chloropropanol analysis technologies and systematically compares and analyzes the working principles, application conditions, advantages, and challenges of these methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is the preferred choice for chloropropanol analysis in complex sample matrices owing to its high resolution, sensitivity, and accuracy. Electrochemical methods provide strong support for the real-time monitoring of chloropropanols because of their high selectivity and sensitivity towards electrochemically active molecules. Other techniques offer innovative solutions for the rapid and accurate analysis of chloropropanol at different levels. Finally, innovative directions for the development of chloropropanol analysis methods for food safety are highlighted.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138776 | DOI Listing |
Sci Rep
July 2025
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) belongs to the chloropropanols family and it is a thermal processing contaminant that exerts renal and reproductive toxicities. This work aimed to synthesize boron carbide (BC) nanoparticles (NPs) and Se-doped BC-NPs (Se@BC-NPs) using the sol-gel approach. The photocatalytic activity of these NPs in removing 3-MCPD from aqueous solutions, was investigated based on changes in 3-MCPD levels as determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFood Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess
May 2025
School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
The presence of chloropropanols in edible oils is a significant food safety concern. Chloride in crude palm oil (CPO) is a precursor to the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) during refining; chloride retention during storage prior to refining remains under investigation. The study examined the impact of different washing treatments and storage duration on total chloride content (TCC), moisture and impurities (M&I), free fatty acid content (FFA), diacylglycerol (DAG), deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI), and iodine value (IV) of CPO.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFShokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi
February 2025
Japan Food Research Laboratories.
Chloropropanols and related substances have received a great deal of attention in the world. Regulation values have already been established in the EU for infant formula. There are several validated analytical methods for these substances, such as the AOAC official method.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWei Sheng Yan Jiu
January 2025
Health Inspection Center, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution), Hangzhou 310021, China.
Objective: To investigate the contamination level of chloropropanols esters(MCPDEs) and glycidyl esters(GEs) in infant milk powder, and to assess the risk of exposure to MCPDEs and GEs in infant formula milk powder in Hangzhou.
Methods: Non-derivatization gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS) was used to detect MCPDEs in 73 samples of commercially available infant milk powder, including 3-chlorine-1, 2-propylene glycol ester, 3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropane-1, 3 diol esters(2-MCPDE) and GEs. Dietary exposure assessment of chloropropanols esters and glycidyl esters were evaluated by evaluation method and margin of exposure(MOE) respectively.
Food Chem
March 2025
Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Functional Oil Engineering Technology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China. Electronic address:
Chloropropanol esters are major contaminants in food, but their formation during traditional Chinese cooking remains unclear. In this study, a method based on lipase hydrolysis pretreatment was developed and validated to determine 4 chloropropanol esters. The formation of these esters during stir-frying and hotpot cooking under various conditions was investigated.
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