Transcriptome analysis revealed the existence of family-specific regulation of growth traits in grass carp.

The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is the world's most prolific freshwater fish. Little is known, however, about the functional genes and genetic regulatory networks that govern its growth traits. We created three grass carp families in this study by using two grass carp parents with fast-growing offspring and two grass carp parents with slow-growing offspring, namely the fast-growing × fast-growing family (FF), the slow-growing × slow-growing family (SS), and the fast-growing × slow-growing family (FS). Under the satiation and starvation feeding modes, the average body weight of these families' offspring exhibited a consistent ordering (FF > FS > SS). The transcriptomes of grass carp whole brain and hepatopancreas were then acquired for each family, and it was discovered that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the different organs demonstrated family specificity. DEGs were mostly identified in the hepatopancreas of FF and the whole brain of SS, but they were more evenly distributed in FS. There were 14 DEGs that were found in all three families, including three that were negatively correlated in hepatopancreas (ahsg2, lect2) or in brain (drd5), and 11 that were positively connected in hepatopancreas (sycn, pabpc4, zgc:112294, cel, endou, ela2, prss3, zbtb41, ela3) or in brain (fabp7, endod1). The deletion of ahsg2 boosted the growth rate only in certain zebrafish, suggesting that the growth-promoting effects of ahsg2 varies among individuals. Furthermore, we examined the SNP in each family and conducted preliminary research on the probable genetic pathways of family-specific control of growth traits. The family specificity of the growth regulation mechanism of grass carp at the transcriptional level was revealed for the first time in this study, and it was discovered that growth differences among individuals in the FF family were primarily due to differences in nutrient metabolism, whereas growth differences among individuals in the SS family may be primarily due to differences in foraging ability caused by differences in brain development. This research adds to our understanding of the genetic regulatory mechanism of grass carp growth.