Retrieval augmented generation based dynamic prompting for few-shot biomedical named entity recognition using large language models.

Biomedical named entity recognition (NER) is a high-utility natural language processing (NLP) task, and large language models (LLMs) show promise particularly in few-shot settings (i.e., limited training data).

Warming coupled with uranium exposure can alter the marine microbial community and induce toxin accumulation in shellfish.

This study explores the coupled effects of warming and uranium exposure on marine microbial communities and assesses their potential impact on shellfish toxicity. Different temperature conditions (20 °C and 30 °C) and uranium exposure levels (a controlled setting, 25 μM, and 50 μM) were simulated in an artificial climate chamber. The results indicate that the coupling of warming and uranium exposure significantly altered the water system's properties, including its pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, and conductivity.

Alginate Oligosaccharide Alleviates Salmonella Typhimurium-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Inflammatory Signaling Pathway.

Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is a kind of functional oligosaccharides obtained from the degradation of alginate, which has functional properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AOS could alleviate Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium)-induced liver injury.

Multimodal Sensing-Enabled Large Language Models for Automated Emotional Regulation: A Review of Current Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges.

Emotion regulation is essential for mental health. However, many people ignore their own emotional regulation or are deterred by the high cost of psychological counseling, which poses significant challenges to making effective support widely available. This review systematically examines the convergence of multimodal sensing technologies and large language models (LLMs) for the development of Automated Emotional Regulation (AER) systems.

Suppression of Schwann Cell Ferroptosis Mitigates Demyelination and Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain in the IoN-CCI Model.

Demyelination is widely acknowledged as the underlying pathological mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), while ferroptosis has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders associated with demyelination. However, the precise contribution of ferroptosis to TN-related demyelination has yet to be elucidated. To investigate the putative pathway implicated in neuropathic pain, we conducted RNA-seq analysis in the IoN-CCI rat model that is deemed to simulate the pathology of TN.

Bridging AI, NLP, and Digital Health: A Bi-Directional Learning Experience at Emory University.

Digital health, natural language processing, and artificial intelligence collectively possess considerable promise, with the potential to transform healthcare particularly within resource-limited settings. This manuscript discusses a research fellowship at the Department of Biomedical Informatics at Emory University, focusing on the outcomes of applying AI and NLP to address healthcare challenges in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the bi-directional learning between academia and real-world field application. The fellowship explored multilingual generative language models, gender bias in NLP, and conversational AI, demonstrating its application through the enhanced development of AvivaAI, a mobile conversational chatbot for cervical cancer awareness in Nigeria.

Rapid frontotemporal gray matter loss in proposed body-first Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal voxel-based morphometry study.

Objective: The study aimed to compare the progressive gray matter (GM) atrophy between brain-first and body-first Parkinson's disease (PD) under assumption.

Methods: Based on the hypothesis that the timing of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) onset relative to motor symptoms may differentiate brain-first from body-first PD subtypes, we stratified PD patients from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database into 28 RBD-positive PD patients (PDRBD+), 26 RBD-negative PD patients (PDRBD-), 33 isolated RBD (iRBD) patients, and 35 healthy controls. PDRBD+ and PDRBD- groups underwent 4 visits within 48 months including clinical assessments and structure MRI.

Restricting intracellular proliferation by coordinating p-TBK1 mediated mitophagy and xenophagy.

Mitophagy is essential for eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria and is closely implicated in the immune evasion of several pathogens, including . However, the specific mechanisms regarding the interaction between and host cells in relation to mitophagy and xenophagy and their contribution to pathogen survival are unclear. Herein, using both and systems, we found that escaped host innate immunity by repressing mitophagy and xenophagy to facilitate its intracellular replication.

Efficient design of automated guided vehicle systems in operating theatres via discrete events simulation.

The integration of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) into healthcare facilities has demonstrated significant benefits, particularly in environments with high internal transportation volumes. Research indicates the implementation of AGVs in hospital settings could save medical staff approximately 23% of their daily time, which could then be redirected towards direct patient care. This study aims to develop a framework for the efficient design of AGV systems deployed in existing operating theatres (OTs).

IECata: interpretable bilinear attention network and evidential deep learning improve the catalytic efficiency prediction of enzymes.

Enzyme catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) is a key parameter for identifying high-activity enzymes. Recently, deep learning techniques have demonstrated the potential for fast and accurate kcat/Km prediction. However, three challenges remain: (i) the limited size of the available kcat/Km dataset hinders the development of deep learning models; (ii) the model predictions lack reliable confidence estimates; and (iii) models lack interpretable insights into enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Management of trigeminal neuralgia in a rat model using intranasal administration of Bulleyaconitine A.

Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), characterized by severe facial pain triggered by mild stimuli, is challenging to treat effectively and non-invasively. Traditional treatments, including microvascular decompression and medications like carbamazepine, have limitations. This study investigates the potential of Bulleyaconitine A (BAA), an alkaloid that selectively inhibits specific sodium channels, for managing TN in a rat model via intranasal administration.

CCR2 monocytes promote memory CD8 T-cell differentiation via membrane-bound TGF-β.

Upon antigen recognition, CD8 T cells undergo robust expansion and differentiation to give rise to effector and memory CD8 T cells. The spatial determinants of the fate of effector and memory CD8 T cells during acute infection are poorly understood. By integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatially resolved transcriptomics, we revealed that naïve CD8 T cells adopted a divergent trajectory in which they rapidly differentiated into memory precursor (MP) cells and IFN-responsive cells, with the latter representing the entry point of the effector T-cell lineage.

The Key to Percutaneous Balloon Compression Success: Pear or Banana?

Objective: The percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) procedure treats trigeminal neuralgia by compressing the Gasserian ganglion in Meckel's cave. On lateral fluoroscopy, a pear-shaped contrast-filled structure mainly consists of regenerative trigeminal rootlets, with a smaller, crescent-shaped, nonrenewable ganglion ('banana') at its base. To effectively minimize the risk of recurrence, it is crucial to apply precise and targeted pressure directly to the ganglion.

Strategizing towards the future hospital: a systems thinking approach.

Background: The complex systemic nature of Future Hospital design in the rapidly ageing city-state of Singapore calls for systems thinking. We apply this approach to answer two research questions: (i) What are the variables that drive the present and future dynamics of the Future Hospital system? (ii) How are these driving variables related?

Methods: Causal loop diagrams (CLDs) were developed collaboratively by a cross-functional system modelling team through group modelling discussions and reviews, totalling 20 sessions. Network analysis of the resulting CLDs was used to identify dominant variables.

Mendelian Randomization Analyses Reveal Causal Relationships between Brain Structural Connectivity and Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Objectives: To explore the relationship between brain structural connectivity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Design: Two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) was conducted by querying a relevant European population genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database about the anatomical connections of the brain and polycystic ovarian syndrome from the Ieu Open GWAS Project database. Two hundred six brain structural connectivity-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evaluated as instrumental variables (IVs).

Development and Initial Validation of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale in Highly Educated Adults.

Objectives: To report the development, validation, and findings of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale (MARS), a self-report tool crafted to evaluate six-dimension attention levels.

Methods: The MARS was developed based on Classical Test Theory (CTT) , with initial item selection and content validation conducted by six experts in psychiatry and psychology using the Delphi method. Healthy adult participants were recruited to complete the MARS and related scales, along with on-site measures.

The mA demethylase FTO controls Th1 differentiation and immunity against infections.

Antigen-specific effector CD4 T cells are critical for defense against exogenous pathogens. However, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying CD4 T cell immune responses, particularly RNA modifications, remain incompletely understood. In this study, we employed a T cell-specific deletion of the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), a key N6-methyladenosine (mA) demethylase, to elucidate its role in CD4 T cell mediated immunity.

Axial ligand induces the charge localization of Ca single-atom sites for efficient Na-S batteries.

The main-group s-block metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) are typically regarded as catalytically inactive for sulfur conversion reactions in sodium-sulfur batteries. Herein, we design efficient calcium (Ca) SACs coordinated with one axial N atom and four planar O atoms (Ca-ON-C) for sodium-sulfur batteries. The axial N ligand induces the charge localization at Ca sites to strengthen p-p orbital-hybridization between Ca centers and sulfur species, which boosts the affinity toward sodium polysulfides (NaS) and simultaneously promotes the conversion kinetics.

The burden of migraine and predictions in the Asia-Pacific region, 1990-2021: a comparative analysis of China, South Korea, Japan, and Australia.

Background: Migraine is a leading cause of disability worldwide, significantly impacting quality of life and healthcare systems. Despite its high prevalence and burden, migraine remains underprioritized in global health policies. This study examines the epidemiological trends of migraine in Australia, China, Japan, and South Korea from 1990 to 2021, highlighting regional disparities and forecasting future burdens.

Phase transitions and dimensional cross-over in layered confined solids.

The nature of solid phases and cross-over of order-disorder phase transitions from two-dimensional (2D) layers to three-dimensional (3D) bulk in confined atomic systems remain largely unexplained. To this end, we consider noble gases and aluminum confined between graphene sheets at different pressures and temperatures. Using crystal structure search methods and molecular dynamics based on machine-learned potentials with quantum-mechanical accuracy, we identify structures of multilayer confined solids that deviate from simple close packing.

FTO controls CD8 T cell survival and effector response by modulating mA methylation of Fas.

Functional CD8 T cell immunity is essential for immune surveillance and host defense against infection and tumors. Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly RNA modification, in controlling CD8 T cell immune response is not fully elucidated. Here, by T cell-specific deletion of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), a critical N6-methyladenosine (mA) demethylase, we revealed that FTO was indispensable for adequate CD8 T cell immune response and protective function.

Exploring the Association between Childhood Asthma and Abnormal Spermatozoa: An Analysis Using Mendelian Randomization.

Background: Childhood asthma ranks among the prevailing chronic respiratory conditions affecting a significant number of individuals. The long-term hypoxic state and chronic inflammatory state caused by asthma could be linked with spermatozoa apoptosis. However, the correlation between childhood asthma and abnormal spermatozoa is currently unknown.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the M.D. Anderson symptom Inventory-Multiple Myeloma Module: a translation and validation study.

Background: The reliability of the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Multiple Myeloma Module (MDASI-MM) was evaluated through its Chinese translation among Chinese patients with multiple myeloma.

Sequential metabolic probes illuminate nuclear DNA for discrimination of cancerous and normal cells.

Elucidating the timing and spatial distribution of DNA synthesis within cancer cells is vital for cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy. However, current probes for staining nucleic acids rely on electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds with the nucleic acid, resulting in "static" DNA staining and the inability to distinguish cell types. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study of sequential metabolic probes, for the first time allowing for cancer-cell-specific illumination of DNA.

Understanding the Mechanism of Fe-N-C Catalyst Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance Enhancement: The Impact of Iron Valence State and Nitrogen Content.

Optimizing non-noble catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for advancing energy storage and conversion technologies. This study investigates the influence of iron valence states and nitrogen precursor contents on the physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of lignin-based Fe-N-C catalysts. Catalysts are synthesized using different valence iron sources and varying pyrrole contents.