Regulation of working memory switches from striatal dopamine D2-receptor to D1-receptor neurons under high cognitive load.

Working memory (WM) is a fundamental cognitive function crucial adaptive behavior. The intricate interplay between the frontal cortex and striatum in governing WM maintenance and updating remains a central question. In this study, we employed optogenetics to demonstrate that inhibiting both dorsomedial striatum (DMS) D1R- and D2R-neurons enhances WM, while their activation impairs it across T-maze and operant-based delayed-non-match-to-place (DNMTP) paradigms in mice.

Reduction of neuronal activity mediated by blood-vessel regression in the adult brain.

The brain vasculature supplies neurons with glucose and oxygen, but little is known about how vascular plasticity contributes to brain function. Using longitudinal in vivo imaging, we report that a substantial proportion of blood vessels in the adult mouse brain sporadically occlude and regress. Their regression proceeds through sequential stages of blood-flow occlusion, endothelial cell collapse, relocation or loss of pericytes, and retraction of glial endfeet.

Somatic variants of MAP3K3 are sufficient to cause cerebral and spinal cord cavernous malformations.

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) and spinal cord cavernous malformations (SCCMs) are common vascular abnormalities of the CNS that can lead to seizure, haemorrhage and other neurological deficits. Approximately 85% of patients present with sporadic (versus congenital) CCMs. Somatic mutations in MAP3K3 and PIK3CA were recently reported in patients with sporadic CCM, yet it remains unknown whether MAP3K3 mutation is sufficient to induce CCMs.

A novel type lavandulyl flavonoid from Sophora flavescens as potential anti-hepatic injury agent that inhibit TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Ethnopharmacology Relevance: Sophora flavescens Aiton, was a crucial source of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has benefited human health for hundreds of years. Alkaloids and flavonoids were the major bioactive constituents from S. flavescens, which had been widely used for liver disease treatment in China.

A systematic observation of vasodynamics from different segments along the cerebral vasculature in the penumbra zone of awake mice following cerebral ischemia and recanalization.

Different segments of the cerebral vascular network may react distinctly to brain ischemia and recanalization. However, there are limited systematic observations of these vascular responses in mice under a physiological state following ischemic stroke. Herein, we aimed to investigate the vasodynamics among several segments along the cerebral vessels in awake mice following cerebral ischemia/recanalization via two-photon imaging.

, the Hmong Medicinal Flora: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics.

, known as "Tou Hua Liao" (Chinese name), is a crucial source of Hmong medicinal plants that has benefited human health for a long time. This folk-medicinal plant is widely distributed in the south-west of China for the treatment of various urologic disorders including urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, and urinary calculus. The purpose of this paper was to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of the traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and clinical applications of this flora.

Systematic elucidation of the bioactive alkaloids and potential mechanism from Sophora flavescens for the treatment of eczema via network pharmacology.

Ethnopharmacology Relevance: Sophora flavescens is a frequently used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of skin disorders, diarrhea, vaginal itching and inflammatory diseases. In particular, the root of S. flavescens combination with other herbs mainly treat eczema ailment in the clinical applications.