Does unfairness evoke anger or disgust? A quantitative neurofunctional dissection based on 25 years of neuroimaging.

Over the last decades, the traditional 'Homo economicus' model has been increasingly challenged by converging evidence highlighting the critical impact of emotions on decision-making. A classic example is the perception of unfairness in the Ultimatum Game, where humans willingly sacrifice personal gains to punish fairness norm violators. While emotional mechanisms underlying such costly punishment are widely acknowledged, the distinct contributions of moral emotions, particularly anger and disgust, remain debated, partly due to methodological limitations in conventional experiments.

Mitochondrial sORF-Encoded Peptide MODICA Protects the Heart From Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Injury by Suppressing VDAC Oligomerization.

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) cardiotoxicity increases cardiovascular risk in cancer patients, mainly through mitochondrial damage. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and whether mitochondrial short open reading frame-encoded peptides can mitigate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is unknown.

Methods: Five adeno-associated viruses expressing mitochondrial short open reading frame-encoded peptides under the cardiac troponin T promoter, including MODICA (mito-SEP protector against DOX-induced cardiac injury), were screened in a DOX-induced cardiotoxicity mouse model (n=3-5 per group).

Dissociable Neural Connectome Mapping of Reward and Punishment Responsiveness in Young Adults: Associations with Genetic Variability and Neurotransmitter Profiles.

While the hyper- and hypo- reward or punishment sensitivities (RS, PS) have received considerable attention as prominent transdiagnostic features of psychopathology, the lack of an overarching neurobiological characterization currently limits their early identification and neuromodulation. Here we combined microarray data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas with a multimodal fMRI approach to uncover the neurobiological signatures of RS and PS in a discovery-replication design (N=655 healthy participants, 442 Females). Both RS and PS were mapped separately in the brain, with the functional connectome in the fronto-striatal network encoding reward responsiveness, while the fronto-insular system was particularly engaged in punishment sensitivity.

mediates the sensitivity to irinotecan toxicity via tryptophan catabolites.

Background: Late-onset diarrhoea remains a poorly managed concern for clinical irinotecan therapy. Although bacterial β-glucuronidases (β-GUS) mediated SN-38 production is prevailingly thought to mediate intestinal toxicity, β-GUS inhibitors confer limited benefits in the clinic.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of endogenous bacterial metabolites in susceptibility to irinotecan toxicity.

Serum GPR37 as a novel biomarker for disease activity, disability, and differential diagnosis in NMOSD.

Background: G protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) has recently been earmarked as a rising candidate for use as a marker for central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating illness. In this study, we explored the ability of serum GPR37 to assess disease activity, functional impairment, and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in patient cases of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: We prospectively enrolled 144 cases of NMOSD and 132 cases of MS, as well as 160 controls (healthy individuals and cases of other neural disorders).

Neural Basis Linking Self-control with Achievement Motivation: Functional Connectivity between Left dlPFC and Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus.

Achievement motivation serves as a fundamental psychological construct that underlies and predicts a wide range of human adaptive behaviors, including goal setting and performance across academic and social domains. Although prior research has shown that self-control is associated with achievement motivation, it remains unclear which neural substrates underlie the association between self-control and achievement motivation. To address this issue, we employed resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and mediation analysis methods to investigate the neural basis of the relationship between self-control and achievement motivation in the discovery (N = 685) and replication sample (N = 210).

Dietary supplementation with apigenin ameliorates intestinal injury in broilers suffering from necrotic enteritis.

This study examined how dietary apigenin supplementation influences growth performance, intestinal barrier integrity, and immune response in broilers affected by necrotic enteritis. A total of 144 one-day-old white-feathered broilers were divided into six groups. The NE model groups were inoculated with Eimeria maxima on day 14 and Clostridium perfringens (CP) on days 17-23.

Development and Protective Efficacy of a Novel Nanoparticle Vaccine for Gammacoronavirus Avain Infectious Bronchitis Virus.

: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a gammacoronavirus that causes a highly contagious disease in chickens and seriously endangers the poultry industry. The is a predominant lineage. However, no effective commercially available vaccines against this virus are available.

Synergistic integration of extracellular vesicles and metal-organic frameworks: unlocking new opportunities in disease diagnosis and therapy.

The combination of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a cutting-edge strategy in nanomedicine, leveraging the immune evasion, targeting capabilities, and biocompatibility of EVs with the high loading capacity and tunable functionality of MOFs. This review comprehensively discusses the latest advancements in the EV-MOF collaborative system, including its combined form and preparation process, focusing on its synergistic applications in disease diagnosis and treatment. EV-MOF platforms have demonstrated enhanced sensitivity in biosensing and bioimaging, offering new avenues for early cancer detection using signal amplification and fluorescence imaging technologies.

The combined associations of excess body weight, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia with hyperglycemia among nondiabetic older adults in regional China.

To investigate the separate and combined associations of excess body weight (EBW), hypertension (HTN), and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) with hyperglycemia among non-diabetic adults aged 60 years and above in regional China. In this cross-sectional study conducted in 2023, 26,769 non-diabetic individuals aged 60 years and older were selected from Nanjing municipality, China. Body weight and height, blood pressure, fasting plasma triglycerides, and glucose were objectively measured, while socio-demographic attributes, lifestyle and behaviors, and disease history were self-reported.

A homochiral covalent organic framework membrane for the enantioseparation and fractionation of amino acids.

The separation of amino acids from complex mixtures remains an essential yet multi-step, energy-intensive process. Membrane separation technology offers a more energy-efficient alternative, but its effectiveness relies on achieving highly precise molecular recognition. Here, we report a homochiral covalent organic framework (COF) membrane with ordered ultra-microporous pore structures for targeted extraction of specific enantiomer from amino acid mixtures.

Perfluorohexanoic acid exhibits more potential for the proliferation, migration, and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells under the 3D culture model.

Although three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems serve as ideal platforms for cancer research by recapitulating key aspects of the tumor microenvironment, their broader applicability and reliability in environmental toxicology and risk assessment require further validation. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), a representative short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), remains insufficiently characterized in terms of its health hazards, contributing to the delay in regulatory actions. In this study, we investigated and compared the oncogenic effects of PFHxA on MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells with conventional 2D culture and 3D hydrogel culture.

Neutrophil Heterogeneity in Airway Inflammatory Diseases.

Neutrophils, the most abundant circulating leukocytes in humans, play key roles in infection and inflammation. The lungs represent a vital pool for neutrophils, serving as both a primary site of immune surveillance and a key battleground in inflammatory responses. However, neutrophil activation could be harmful; excessive or prolonged neutrophil activity can lead to unintended tissue damage and contribute to disease progression.

Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report.

Pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) is an invasive fungal infection caused by or . Its clinical presentation and radiological findings are often non-specific, making early diagnosis challenging. Herein, the case of a 44-year-old male who presented with dizziness and headache is reported.

Predicting hepatitis C infection via machine learning.

Objective: HCV infection is frequently asymptomatic, with current diagnosis relying mainly on costly and less accessible HCV RNA testing. While HCV-Ab and biochemical markers exhibit suboptimal diagnostic performance, whether machine learning can enhance their accuracy remains unclear.

Methods: This study is a retrospective study, which included data from 179 patients whose HCV-Ab levels were greater than 1.

Functional correspondences in the human and marmoset visual cortex during movie watching: Insights from correlation, redundancy, and synergy.

The world of beauty is deeply connected to the visual cortex, as perception often begins with vision in both humans and marmosets. Quantifying functional correspondences in the visual cortex across species can help us understand how information is processed in the primate visual cortex, while also providing deeper insights into human visual cortex functions through the study of marmosets. In this study, to investigate their functional correspondences, we used 13 healthy human volunteers (9 males and 4 females, aged 22-56 years) and 8 common marmosets (6 males and 2 females, aged 20-42 months).

Toripalimab, bevacizumab, and irinotecan in dMMR/MSI locally advanced colorectal cancer: First-stage results from a phase 1b/2 trial.

This is the first stage of the phase 1b/2 trial evaluating the effectiveness and safety of toripalimab, irinotecan, and bevacizumab in patients with rectal cancer refusing up-front surgery or radiation therapy (rectum cohort) and patients with T4NanyM0 colon cancer (colon cohort) with deficiency of mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability (MSI). This trial allows a doctor-patient shared decision-making process to determine whether to omit irinotecan or bevacizumab and the optimal surgery timing. The primary endpoint pathological complete response (pCR) rates in the full analysis set (FAS) and per-protocol set (PPS) are 57.

BrainVision: Cross-domain EEG decoding for visual content retrieval and reconstruction.

Understanding human visual intent through brain signals remains a fundamental challenge in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Despite recent advances in brain decoding, existing approaches typically operate within isolated datasets and modalities, limiting their generalization capabilities. This paper introduces BrainVision, a novel framework that bridges visual recognition and emotional EEG datasets to enable comprehensive visual content generation through cross-domain learning.

Innovative emulsification and freeze-drying techniques for developing heat-resistant chocolates with tunable textures and sensory attributes.

The development of heat-resistant chocolate that meets customer preferences has been a longstanding challenge for both industry and academia. This study presented an innovative method for producing freeze-dried (FD) chocolate with enhanced heat resistance by integrating emulsification and freeze-drying technologies without altering the chocolate composition. Cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray microscopy revealed a unique microstructure in the product, where water-soluble components, such as sugar, formed a matrix that encapsulated fat-soluble components such as cocoa butter, providing heat resistance up to 70 °C.

Association of chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and liver fibrosis assessed by transient elastography: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2017-2020.

Aims: The study endeavors to elucidate the separate and combined associations of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with the prevalence risks of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and liver fibrosis (LF).

Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed 6,035 American adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2017 to March 2020. Hepatic steatosis (HS) and LF were diagnosed using transient elastography.

When no answer is better than a wrong answer: A causal perspective on batch effects.

Batch effects, undesirable sources of variability across multiple experiments, present significant challenges for scientific and clinical discoveries. Batch effects can (i) produce spurious signals and/or (ii) obscure genuine signals, contributing to the ongoing reproducibility crisis. Because batch effects are typically modeled as classical statistical effects, they often cannot differentiate between sources of variability due to confounding biases, which may lead them to erroneously conclude batch effects are present (or not).

Challenges in measuring individual differences of brain function.

With a growing interest in personalized medicine, functional neuroimaging research has recently shifted focus from the evaluation of group-level summaries to associating individual differences in brain function with behaviors. However, this new focus brings forth challenges related to accurately measuring the sources of individual variation in functional signals. In this perspective, we highlight the impact of within-individual variations and discuss the concept of measurement reliability as a critical tool for accounting for within- and between-individual variations when measuring individual differences in brain function.

Comparing reliability-based measures of functional connectivity between movie and rest: An ROI-based approach.

Functional connectivity (FC) has shown promising utility in the field of precision psychiatry. However, to translate from research to clinical use, FC reliability and sensitivity to individual differences still require improvement. Movie watching as an acquisition state offers advantages at the whole-brain level that align with the requirements of FC for individualized measures.

Systematic cross-species comparison of prefrontal cortex functional networks targeted via transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that safely modulates neural activity in vivo. Its precision in targeting specific brain networks makes TMS invaluable in diverse clinical applications. For example, TMS is used to treat depression by targeting prefrontal brain networks and their connection to other brain regions.

Bi-Regional Machine Learning Radiomics Based on CT Noninvasively Predicts LOX Expression Level and Overall Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Objective: We aimed to assess the association between lysyl oxidases (LOX) expression levels and the prognosis of patients with Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to establish a CT-based bi-regional radiomics model that can discriminate LOX expression level using The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.

Methods: 294 HCC samples were downloaded from TCGA for gene-based prognostic analysis. Meanwhile, the underlying molecular mechanism of LOX expression and its relationship with the immune microenvironment was investigated.