Reliability and Responsiveness of Endoscopic Indices for Assessing Crohn's Disease Postoperative Recurrence in the PREVENT trial.

Background And Aims: Assessing endoscopic activity is integral in the management of postoperative Crohn's disease (CD). We aimed to comprehensively characterize the reliability and responsiveness of different endoscopic instruments when used to assess postoperative CD activity.

Methods: Ileocolonoscopy videos (n=70) from the PREVENT trial were reviewed by three blinded central readers.

Comparative Safety of Janus Kinase Inhibitors vs Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Background & Aims: We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the safety of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors vs tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) antagonists in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs).

Methods: Using an administrative claims database, we identified patients with IBD who were new users of either JAK inhibitors or TNF antagonists between 2016 and 2023 and had insurance coverage for at least 1 year before and after treatment initiation. We compared the risk of infections (overall and serious infections requiring hospitalization), venous thromboembolism (VTE), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) through stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighted Cox proportional hazards model accounting for disease characteristics, health care utilization, comorbidities, prior and concomitant medications, and competing risk of mortality.

Efficacy of Advanced Therapies in Achieving Remission by Disease Location in Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background & Aims: We compared the efficacy of different advanced therapies by disease location in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: Through a systematic review, we identified 14 randomized controlled trials in 3139 patients with moderate-to-severe CD who were treated with different advanced therapies vs placebo, and reported efficacy in inducing clinical remission, stratified by disease location (isolated colonic vs ileal disease, excluding ileocolonic disease). We grouped advanced therapies based on the primary mechanism of action: anti-interleukins, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK inhibitors), anti-integrins, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.

Unleashing the True Potential of Halide-Rich Perovskites in Superior Charge Transport Dynamics through Strategic Ligand Engineering.

Perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) offer significant potential for photovoltaics, but optimizing surface passivation while ensuring efficient charge transport remains a challenge. This study employs oleylammonium bromide (OAmBr) to modulate ligand density in CsPbBr (CPB) NCs, enhancing charge extraction while mitigating surface traps. By systematically varying OAmBr concentrations, we investigate the impact of bromide-rich surface sites and ligand density on charge extraction efficiency, revealing distinct charge transfer mechanisms for FcA and FcAm.

Overcoming antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori: the roles of collateral sensitivity and biofilm dynamics.

Objectives: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) poses a significant challenge to eradication strategies. This study investigates the role of biofilm formation in AMR and explores the potential of collateral sensitivity (CS) as a therapeutic approach to optimize treatment regimens.

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Oncohistone Mutations in Breast Cancers.

Although mutations in genes encoding histones display a similar prevalence to that of some other somatic mutations in cancer, the underlying mechanisms by which histone mutations drive tumorigenesis have not been fully explored. Herein, we curated missense mutations occurring in core histone genes in breast cancers using data from MSK-IMPACT and cBioPortal to identify high frequency breast cancer-associated histone gene mutations. We characterized 17 high frequency oncohistone mutations in H2A H2B, and H3 that are enriched in breast cancer samples and occurred at glutamate (E), aspartate (D), serine (S), and arginine (R) residues.

An Observational Study on Pre-natal Diagnosis of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.

Introduction: Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), or clubfoot, is a common congenital lower limb disorder. Pre-natal diagnosis using ultrasound (US) enables early identification, facilitating timely intervention and improving outcomes. Understanding the diagnostic accuracy and implications of pre-natal CTEV detection is essential for effective clinical management.

Yield of Advanced Neoplasia at Second Post-polypectomy Surveillance Colonoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background & Aims: Individuals who have had polypectomy and at least one surveillance colonoscopy exam are routinely encountered, but evidence to inform risk for subsequent neoplasia and timing of surveillance is limited. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of serial surveillance yield.

Methods: We performed a systematic search of research literature databases through September 2024 and identified studies reporting neoplasia yield at baseline colonoscopy and at least 2 surveillance colonoscopies.

Prevalence and Impact of Social Risk in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: National Estimates from the United States.

Background And Aims: Social risks are individual-level factors associated with adverse health outcomes. We determined the prevalence and impact of social risks on healthcare use among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in the United States.

Methods: In the U.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Noninvasive Biomarkers and Imaging for Evaluating Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease.

Background & Aims: Colonoscopy is recommended to monitor for Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence after surgical resection. However, repeated colonoscopy is invasive and resource-intensive. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive biomarkers and imaging measures for detecting endoscopic CD recurrence, as compared with colonoscopy.

Post SARS-CoV-2 Myocarditis: Giant Cell or MIS-A? A Misdiagnosis Leading to a Heart Transplantation.

Background: Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) with myocarditis that appears after SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) may manifest similarly.

Case Summary: We describe a patient with GCM who presented with cardiogenic shock and received a misdiagnosis of MIS-A myocarditis because of a lack of giant cells identified on endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). Her cardiac function improved with combined immunosuppressive therapy, including cyclosporine, but subsequently worsened, with premature cessation of immunosuppression resulting from the misdiagnosis.

An International Consensus on Appropriate Management of Corticosteroids in Clinical Trials in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background & Aims: Approval of new therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) requires rigorously designed and well-executed randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Corticosteroids remain a cornerstone of IBD induction therapy, and many patients in trials are enrolled while taking corticosteroids. Despite this, approaches to corticosteroid management in RCTs have been highly heterogeneous, often differing from clinical practice.

A Retrospective Study of Ultramassive Transfusion in Trauma Patients: Is There a Value After Which Additional Transfusions Are Futile?

Background: Hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable mortality in trauma. During times of blood shortages, it may be prudent to consider a transfusion threshold during massive transfusion after which additional transfusions are futile due to nonsurvivability. The main objective of this study is to examine outcomes associated with ultramassive transfusion (UMT; defined as ≥20 units of red blood cells [RBC] within 24 hours) and determine if there is a threshold beyond which additional transfusion efforts should cease.

Harnessing the power of stem cell-derived exosomes: a rejuvenating therapeutic for skin and regenerative medicine.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles produced by most cell types and contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (non-coding RNAs, mRNA, and DNA) that can be released by donor cells to influence the function of recipient cells. Skin photoaging is the premature aging of skin structures caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV), as demonstrated by depigmentation, roughness, rhytides, elastosis, and precancerous alterations. Exosomes are associated with aging processes such as oxidative damage, inflammation, and senescence.

Gankyrin Inhibition Can Control Helicobacter pylori Generated Gastric Cancer Using In Vivo Xenograft Models.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection recognized as a significant risk factor. H.

The role of secondary genomes in neurodevelopment and co-evolutionary dynamics.

This chapter examines how human biology and microbial "secondary genomes" have co-evolved to shape neurodevelopment through the gut-brain axis. Microbial communities generate metabolites that cross blood-brain and placental barriers, influencing synaptogenesis, immune responses, and neural circuit formation. Simultaneously, Human Accelerated Regions (HARs) and Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) modulate gene expression and immune pathways, determining which microbes thrive in the gut and impacting brain maturation.

Integrative Metabolomic and Lipidomic Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs: Correlations with Hematological and Biochemical Markers.

In the present study, we investigated biochemical, hematological, lipidomic, and metabolomic alterations associated with different SAR-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), such as WT, α, β, γ, and δ, as well as their impact on COVID-19 severity. Across the first and second waves in India, a machine learning approach was used in 3134 COVID-19 patients, and nine critical biochemical and hematological parameters, namely, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, ferritin, neutrophil, WBC count, lymphocyte, urea, creatine, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were identified. Furthermore, through metabolic and lipidomic profiles of lung and colon cells transfected with spike VOCs, notable dysregulation was exhibited by the delta variant correlated with characteristic pathways such as catecholamine and thyroid hormone synthesis.

Comparative Analysis of Prognostic Scores for Predicting Mortality and the Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Patients With Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Presenting to the Emergency Department.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate and compare the predictive accuracy of five established clinical scoring systems - CURB65, BAP65, qSOFA, DECAF, and NEWS - in forecasting in-hospital mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation among patients presenting with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) in the emergency department. Methods An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted over a 12-month period (January to December 2023) in the emergency department of Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna. A total of 200 patients aged 18 years and older with AECOPD were enrolled.

Halide Perovskite Photocatalysts for Clean Fuel Production and Organic Synthesis: Opportunities and Challenges.

The need to constrain the use of fossil fuels causing global warming is motivating the development of a variety of photocatalysts for solar-to-fuel generation and chemical synthesis. In particular, semiconductor-based photocatalysts have been extensively exploited in solar-driven organic synthesis, carbon dioxide (CO) conversion into value-added products, and hydrogen (H) generation from water (HO) splitting. Recently, metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as an important class of semiconductors for heterogeneous photocatalysis owing to their interesting properties.

Evaluating the Impact of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Training in Reducing Preventable and Potentially Preventable Deaths: A Mixed-Methods Cohort Study.

Background Trauma remains a leading global cause of mortality, particularly in low-resource settings. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) training offers a standardized approach to trauma care, yet its impact in India remains underexplored. This study evaluates the effectiveness of ATLS training in reducing preventable trauma-related deaths and improving clinical decision-making at a tertiary care center in Bihar, India.