Optimizing sex pheromone lures for male trapping specificity between Spodoptera frugiperda and Mythimna loreyi.

Background: Spodoptera frugiperda and Mythimna loreyi are sympatric pests of corn and other gramineous crops. In addition, the two species share three primary pheromone components Z9-14:Ac, Z7-12:Ac and Z11-16:Ac, resulting in capture of males from both species by commercially available lures, which poses a great challenge for species-specific population monitoring.

Results: To increase the specificity of the pheromone blend used in lures, we conducted comparative investigations between the two species, with respect of female calling rhythms, components in female pheromone glands, male electrophysiological and sexual excitement responses to pheromone gland components.

Oyster farming acts as a marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) hotspot for climate change mitigation.

Bivalve farming, a vital component of global aquaculture, has been proposed as a potential marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) strategy, yet its role remains contentious. Using field mesocosms, we demonstrate that oyster filter-feeding enhances mCDR by accelerating the formation of particulate and dissolved organic carbon in the water column and promoting organic carbon deposition in sediments. This process shifts the water column toward a more autotrophic and alkaline state, effectively sequestering CO from the atmosphere.

Decoding the Olfactory Deception: Molecular Basis into ' Recognition of the Lethal Trap Plant .

The striped stem borer (), a devastating rice ( L.) pest, exhibits a paradoxical oviposition preference for vetiver grass ( L.), a nonhost plant causing complete larval mortality.

Key Volatiles and ORs Mediating Oviposition Preference for Maize Plants in Chinese Population of .

is a global pest that shows distinct preferences between maize and rice hosts. Concerning the prevailing corn strains in China, we identified five maize-specific volatiles through GC-MS analysis of volatiles from maize and rice seedlings, in which benzothiazole and nonadecane were confirmed as key volatiles mediating attractants for female moths. Then, we screened for candidate odorant receptors (ORs) by analyzing differentially expressed genes between the moths exposed and unexposed to the active volatiles.

Ionotropic receptors participate in the perception of sinigrin in Plutella xylostella adults.

Glucosinolates serve as the key gustatory cue for crucifer specialists to select their host plants, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the gustation remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that two ionotropic receptor co-receptors (Ircos) were involved in the perception of a major glucosinolate, sinigrin, in the adult Plutella xylostella. First, we cloned 13 gustatory receptors (GRs) expressed in adults (antennae and tarsi) and larvae (heads), and analyzed their functions using the Xenopus oocyte expression system.

Odorant receptor 75 is essential for attractive response to plant volatile p-anisaldehyde in Western flower thrips.

The Western flower thrip (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, is a major pest of many vegetable crops and also a vector for the tomato spotted wilt virus, causing devastating damage worldwide. Odorant receptors (ORs) play an important role in host plant searching, however, specific functions of those ORs in WFT remain unclear. In this study, the attractive activity of four plant volatiles ((S)-(-)-verbenone, p-anisaldehyde, methyl isonicotinate, and benzaldehyde) to WFT was confirmed using a Y-tube olfactometer.

Molecular mechanisms based on peripheral level of vanillin recognition in Orthaga achatina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Orthaga achatina (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) is a specialist pest of the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora. Vanillin is a volatile compound found in many plants, and its effects on insects can be either attractive or repellent, depending on the species. However, the behavioral response of Orthaga achatina to vanillin, a volatile compound emitted by camphor trees, remains unexplored.

The histological and molecular response of acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in rainbow trout and steelhead.

Hypoxia is a critical environmental stressor affecting fish survival and physiological function. Landlocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and anadromous steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), two ecotypes of the same species, exhibit distinct physiological adaptations to fluctuating oxygen levels. To investigate their responses to acute hypoxia in these fish, brain histology and transcriptome analyses were conducted before stress, after hypoxia (12 and 24 h), and after reoxygenation (24 h).

System-specific aquaculture annual growth rates can mitigate the trilemma of production, pollution and carbon dioxide emissions in China.

The aquaculture sector faces a trilemma of simultaneously boosting production, decreasing nutrient discharges and reducing CO emissions. Here we evaluate the growth trajectories and ecological footprints of different aquaculture systems in China, considering both business as usual and ecological transformation scenarios, and anticipate the evolution of sustainable aquaculture in the post-carbon neutrality era. We explore a two-step approach involving ecological transformation and green aquaculture.

Mapping the potential for global offshore finfish mariculture.

Unlabelled: Understanding the potential areas suitable for offshore mariculture is crucial to global seafood security. Here, we map the potential global offshore mariculture areas for 23 principal commercial finfish using an ensemble model. The model involves the temporal-spatial heterogeneity of environments and constraints of temperature-dependent hypoxia and cold edges of cultured finfish by metabolic index and lower thermal safety margin, respectively.

Functional Characterization of Odorant Receptors for Sex Pheromone (Z)-11-Hexadecenol in .

Pheromone receptor (PR)-mediated transduction of sex pheromones to electrophysiological signals is the basis for sex pheromone communication. , a serious pest of the camphor tree, uses a mixture of four components (Z11-16:OAc, Z11-16:OH, Z11-16:Ald, and Z3,Z6,Z9,Z12,Z15-23:H) as its sex pheromone. In this study, we identified five PR genes (1-5) by phylogenetic analysis.

The Odorant Receptor Recognizing Camphor in a Camphor Tree Specialist (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Camphor has been used as an effective repellent and pesticide to stored products for a long history, but (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) has evolved to specifically feed on the camphor tree . However, the behavioral response of to camphor and the molecular basis of camphor perception are totally unknown. Here, we demonstrated that both male and female adults were behaviorally attracted to camphor, suggesting the adaptation of to and utilization of camphor as a signal of .

Ionotropic Receptor IR75q.2 Mediates Avoidance Reaction to Nonanoic Acid in the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae).

Ionotropic receptors (IRs) play an important role in olfaction, but little is known in nondrosophila insects. Here, we report and functional characterization of IR75q.2 in the invasive moth pest .

An odorant receptor tuned to an attractive plant volatile vanillin in Spodoptera litura.

The insect olfaction plays crucial roles in many important behaviors, in which ORs are key determinants for signal transduction and the olfactory specificity. Spodoptera litura is a typical polyphagous pest, possessing a large repertoire of ORs tuning to broad range of plant odorants. However, the specific functions of those ORs remain mostly unknown.

Molecular mechanism of sex pheromone perception in male Mythimna loreyi revealed by in vitro system.

Background: Mythimna loreyi is an important agricultural pest with a sensitive sex pheromone communication system. To clarify the pheromone binding proteins (PBPs) and pheromone receptors (PRs) involved in sex pheromone perception is important for both understanding the molecular olfactory mechanism and developing a new pest control strategy in M. loreyi.

Conserved Odorant Receptors Involved in Nonanal-Induced Female Attractive Behavior in Two Species.

Moths rely on plant volatiles to locate appropriate plants for feeding and laying eggs. While extensive research has been conducted on the global agricultural pests, and , their molecular mechanisms for detecting plant volatiles remain mostly unknown. Here, we have demonstrated that nonanal, a common plant volatile, is attractive for both virgin and gravid females of the two species.

Functional differentiation of two general-odorant binding proteins in Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae).

Background: General odor-binding proteins (GOBPs) play critical roles in insect olfactory recognition of sex pheromones and plant volatiles. Therefore, the identification of GOBPs in Hyphantria cunea (Drury) based on their characterization to pheromone components and plant volatiles is remain unknown.

Results: In this study, two H.

Mapping the potential for offshore aquaculture of salmonids in the Yellow Sea.

Unlabelled: Mariculture has been one of the fastest-growing global food production sectors over the past three decades. With the congestion of space and deterioration of the environment in coastal regions, offshore aquaculture has gained increasing attention. Atlantic salmon () and rainbow trout () are two important aquaculture species and contribute to 6.

Identification and Functional Characterization of General Odorant Binding Proteins in .

The olfactory system in insects are crucial for recognition of host plants and oviposition sites. General odorant binding proteins (GOBPs) are thought to be involved in detecting odorants released by host plants. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most serious pests of camphor trees, (L.

Functional differentiation of three pheromone binding proteins in Orthaga achatina using mixed-type sex pheromones.

Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) play important roles in perception of insect sex pheromones, functioning to recognize and transport pheromone components onto the olfactory receptors of the odorant sensing neurons. Orthaga achatina, a serious pest of camphor trees, uses a mixture of three Type I (Z11-16:OAc, Z11-16:OH and Z11-16:Ald) and one Type II (Z3,Z6,Z9,Z12,Z15-23:H) sex pheromone components in its sex communication, in which Z11-16:OAc is the major component and others are minor components. In this study, we for the first time demonstrated that the three PBPs differentiated in recognition among pheromone components in a moth using mixed-type sex pheromones.

Release of moth pheromone compounds from Nicotiana benthamiana upon transient expression of heterologous biosynthetic genes.

Background: Using genetically modified plants as natural dispensers of insect pheromones may eventually become part of a novel strategy for integrated pest management.

Results: In the present study, we first characterized essential functional genes for sex pheromone biosynthesis in the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker) by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, including two desaturase genes CsupYPAQ and CsupKPSE and a reductase gene CsupFAR2. Subsequently, we co-expressed CsupYPAQ and CsupFAR2 together with the previously characterized moth desaturase Atr∆11 in N.

Involvement of GOBP2 in the perception of a sex pheromone component in both larval and adult Spodoptera litura revealed using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis.

General odorant-binding proteins (GOBPs) are long considered responsible for the perception of plant odorants. In this study with the important noctuid pest Spodoptera litura, we functionally characterized that GOBP2 is also involved in the perception of sex pheromone components using in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 technique. First, the GOBP2 sgRNA and Cas9 protein were injected into the newly laid insect eggs, resulting in a 35.

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 Mediated Knockout Reveals Functions of the Gene in .

genes are thought to be involved in the melanin biosynthetic pathway and play a crucial role in pigmentation reactions in insects. However, little research has been done on genes in lepidopteran pests. To clarify the function of one of the genes () in , we cloned the full-length of , and investigated its spatial and temporal expression profiles by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).

Functional Disparity of Three Pheromone-Binding Proteins to Different Sex Pheromone Components in (Drury).

(Drury) is a destructive invasive pest species in China that uses type II sex pheromone components. To date, however, the binding mechanisms of its sex pheromone components to their respective pheromone-binding proteins (HcunPBPs 1/2/3) have not been explored. In the current study, all three were expressed in the antennae of both sexes.